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HistoryAndAnthologyofAmericanLiterature(VolumeⅠⅡ)美国文学史及选读1、2PartⅠTheLiteratureofColonialAmerica殖民主义时期的文学(atthebeginningof17thcentury)PartⅡTheLiteratureofReasonAndRevolution理性和革命时期文学(bythemid-18thcentury)1．ThomasJefferson:DeclarationofIndependence独立宣言(1776年18世纪中后期)（仔细阅读知道意思）BenjaminFranklin:TheAutobiographyThomasPaine:TheAmericanCrisis*一、BenjaminFranklin本杰明·富兰克林1706-1790SymbolofAmericaintheAgeofEnlightenment殖民地时期作家。独立战争前惟一的杰出的美国作家inthecolonialperiod,theonlygoodAmericanauthorbeforetheRevolutionaryWar.1．其还是美国第一位主要作家thefirstmajorwriter非凡表达能力，简洁明了，有点幽默，还是一位讽刺天才asanauthorhehadpowerofexpression,simplicity,asubtlehumor.Hewasalsosarcastic.2．他最好作品收录在《自传》“Autobiography”。“对这个年青的国家来说，他的损失比其它任何人的都要大“hisshadowliesheavierthananyotherman’sonthisyoungnation.二、ThomasJefferson托马斯·杰弗逊（1743-1826）1．美国历史上最为广泛影响人物histhoughtandpersonalityhaveinfluencedhiscountrymanmoredeeplyandremainedmoreeffectivelyalive.同富兰克林一样具人道主义精神vigoroushumanitariansympathies.启蒙运动的产物aproductoftheEnlightenment.2．1776年同约翰·亚当斯、本杰明·富兰克林、罗杰·谢尔曼、罗伯特·R·利文斯顿一起起草《独立宣言》withJohnAdams,BenjaminFranklin,RogerShermanandRobertRLivingston,hedraftedtheDeclarationofIndependence.3．1790-1793任华盛顿内阁中第一任国务卿，asthefirstAmericansecretaryofstate.1800起担任两届美国总统。4．教材作品：《独立宣言》(1776年7月4日)：“TheDeclarationofIndependence”。三、ThomasPaine托马斯·佩因（1737-1809）*1．1776-1783《美国危机》“AmericanCrisis”signed“CommonSense”wasaseriesofsixteenpamphlets.2．战争结束后perfectingthemodelofanironbridgewithoutpiers。(1791-1792)《人权》“RightsofMan”。3．《理性的时代》“TheAgeofReason”1794-1795,他最后一部作品1797《土地公平》“AgrarianJustice”.4．教材作品：《美国危机》：“TheAmericanCrisis”.四、PhilipFreneau菲利浦·弗瑞诺（1752-1832）*1．革命战争后期最杰出作家perhapsthemostoutstandingwriterofthePost-Revolutionaryperiod“美国革命诗人”（thepoetoftheRevolution）;“美国诗歌之父”（FatherofAmericanPoetry）.2．1770年第1部作品《想象的力量》（ThePowerofFancy）.1775年因出版有关讽刺英国人作品而被认可asasatiristoftheBritish.3．1776年出版《夜屋》（TheHouseofNight）哥特式小说theGothicmood.4．1781写下名诗《英国囚船》(TheBritishPrisonShip)5．教材作品：《野忍冬花》：“TheWildHoneySuckle”《印第安人的坟地》：“TheIndianBuryingGround”《致凯提·迪德》：“ToaCaty-Did”PartⅢTheLiteratureofRomanticism浪漫主义文学(1810-1860)1.浪漫主义共同点romanticssharedcertaingeneralcharacteristics:他们都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观及直觉感觉，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源moralenthusiasm,faithinthevalueofindividualismandintuitiveperception,andapresumptionthatthenaturalworldwasasourceofgoodnessandman’ssocietiesasourceofcorruption.3．超验主义（1830s—theCivilWar）：(1830-1850)既不讲究逻辑，也不讲究系统，它只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达，他们相信精神上的超越，相信无所不能的善的力量，强调善为万物之源，万物都是善的一部分Transcendentalism:(1830-1850)Definedastherecognitioninmanofthecapacityofacquiringknowledgetranscendingthereachofthefivesenses,orofknowingtruthintuitively,orofreachingthedivinewithouttheneedofanintercessor.Ithadsomebasicprinciplesthatweregenerallysharedbyitsadherents.TheybelievedthatGodisimmanentineachpersonandinnatureandthatindividualintuitionisthehighestsourceofknowledgeledtoanoptimisticemphasisonindividualism,self-relianceandrejectionoftraditionalauthority.1.Stressthepowerofintuition,believingthatpeoplecouldlearnthingsbothfromtheoutsideworldbymeansofthefivesensesandfromtheinnerworldbyintuition.2.Placespirit(oversoul)firstandmattersecond3.TakenatureassymbolicofspiritorGod.Naturecouldexerciseahealthyandrestorativeinfluenceonhumanmind.Peopleshouldcomeclosetonatureforinstructions4.Stresstheimportanceoftheindividual(theidealkindofindividualisself-reliantandunselfish(individuality).5.Exaltfeeling(subjectivity,imagination,heartthinking)overreason(rationalism,headthinking),individualexpressionovertherestraintsoflawandcustom.代表：RalphWaldoEmerson：Nature,Self-reliance；HenryDavidThoreau：WaldenAsamoralphilosophy,transcendentalismwasneitherlogicalnorsystematized.Itexaltedfeelingoverreason,individualexpressionovertherestraintsoflawandcustom.Theybelievedinthetranscendenceofthe“Oversoul”,anall-pervadingpowerforgoodnessfromwhichallthingscomeandofwhichallthingsareapart.4．DarkRomanticism19centuryAmerica(oftenconflatedwithGothicismorcalledAmericanRomanticism)isaliterarysubgenrecenteredonwritersEdgarAllanPoe:TheRaven(death,beauty),NathanielHawthorne:ThescarletletterandHermanMelville:MobyDick(dark,glooming,mysterious).AsopposedtotheperfectionistbeliefsofTranscendentalism,theDarkRomanticsemphasizedhumanfallibilityandpronenesstosinandself-destruction,aswellasthedifficultiesinherentinattemptsatsocialreform.TheDarkRomanticsadaptedimagesofanthropomorphizedevilintheformofSatan,devils,ghosts,werewolves,vampires,andghouls,asmoretellingguidestoman'sinherentnature.5．AmericanRenaissance(1836-1855):AmericanRomanticismculminated达到顶峰aroundthe1840sinwhathascometobeknownas“NewEnglandTranscendentalism”or“AmericanRenaissance”6．ThedifferencesofAmericanRomanticismandBritishRomanticism.TheUKisoneoftheearliestcountriesofromanticliterature.TheBritishromanticismwritersdiscontentedinthedevelopmentofthecapitalisturbancivilization,andtheytendedtobecynicalandhavethetendencyofgoingbacktonatureandliveinseclusion.Inmid-to-late18thcenturypoetRobertburns(1759-1796)andWilliamBlake(1757-1827)wasapioneeroftheromanticliterature.AndtheAmericanromanticliteratureisinfluencedbywesternEuropeanromanticlitera