如何paraphrase英语句子.doc

-1-如何paraphrase英语句子余明朝陕西省商南县高级中学关于paraphrase这个词：前缀para-的意思是“差不多，几乎，相似”，phrase的意思是“表达”。顾名思义，paraphrase就是用不同的话语或自己的话语表达相同的意思。即“释义，改述”之意。要忠实、通顺地释义句子，首先必须对原句有透彻的理解，然后把所理解的东西用自己熟悉的词汇、句型加以确切的表达。透彻的理解和确切的表达实在不易，但应当是我们的理想和努力方向。只要专心致志，锲而不舍，不断提高语言知识水平，不断通过实践，总结经验，忠实而又通顺的释义句子的目标是可以达到的。那么，如何paraphrase一个句子？下面就谈谈技巧。一、改变词序。即把句子的前后顺序颠倒，根据情况，个别词汇要做调整。例如：Shecontinuedtodoherjobdespiteherpoorhealth.尽管她身体差，还是继续上着班。→Despiteherpoorhealth,shecontinuedtodoherjob.Thechaosinthesouthwasworseningduetoineffectivepoliciesandmisuseofpower.由于无效的政策和乱用权力，南方的混乱局面在加剧。→Duetoineffectivepoliciesandmisuseofpower,thechaosinthesouthwasworsening.Therehasbeenagrowthinthenumberofstarvingpopulationinthelastdecade.在刚刚过去的十年里，饥饿人口增加了。→Inthelastdecadetherehasbeenagrowthinthenumberofstarvingpopulation.Overuseofgroundwaterwouldcausewidespreaddryness.过度利用地下水会造成普遍干燥。→Widespreaddrynesswouldbearesultofoveruseofgroundwater.二、转化词性。词性的转化指的是一个词不变化其词形或变化其词形，而由一种词类转化为另一种词类。比如，名词通常被转化为动词来使用：bookn.书→v.预定，dietn.日常饮食→v.节食，dressn.服装→v.给谁穿衣服，eyen.眼睛→v.看，注视，handn.手→v.递，nursen.护士→v.照料，tasten.味道→v.品尝，尝起来，solutionn.解决方案→solvev.解决，signaturen.签字→signv.签字。例如：Thecompanyneedstofindasolutionforthisproblem.该公司需要找到一个解决这个难题的方案。-2-→Thecompanyneedstosolvethisproblem.Thepooreconomyhasbeenthecauseofhighunemployment.不景气的经济导致高失业率。→Thepooreconomyhascausedhighunemployment.Ifyoueatrabbit,youwillfinditstastelikechicken.如果你吃兔肉，就会发现它的味道如同鸡肉。→Ifyoueatrabbit,youwillfindittasteslikechicken.Fifty-fourmensignedtheDeclarationofIndependence.五十四个人签下《独立宣言》。→Fifty-fourmenputtheirsignaturesontheDeclarationofIndependence.三、使用同义词或词组，即“词语替代法”。英语里有很多同义词或词组，它们的意思相同或相似。此法是指用词性相同的同义词、近义词或同义词组对原句的某些成分进行相应的替代，而句子意思保持不变。比如，我们可以把“Moviescanbedividedintothreecategories.”释义为“Moviescanbedividedintothreetypes.”很明显，用types代替了categories。因此，就要求我们在英语学习过程中尽可能多地掌握同义词（组）。例如：Overuseofgroundwaterwouldleadtopervasivedrought.过度利用地下水会造成普遍干旱。→Overuseofgroundwaterwouldcausewidespreaddryness.Shecontinuedtocarryoutherdutyalthoughshewasinpoorhealth.尽管她身体不好，还是继续履行职责。→Shecontinuedtodoherjobdespiteherpoorhealth.Thefirmhasdismissedexperiencedstaffandsubstitutedthemwithyoungpeopleonlowersalary.公司已经解雇了熟练工，取而代之的是薪水较低的年轻人。→Thecompanyhasmadeexperiencedstaffleavetheirjobandreplacedthemwithyoungpeopleonlowerpay.四、使用否定或反义表达。即把肯定表达变成否定表达，把否定表达变成肯定表达。比如，我们可以把“Ratherthanbuildingatraditionalmemorial,thecitybuiltapark”释义为“Thecitydidnotbuildatraditionalmemorial;insteaditbuiltapark.”就把肯定形式变成了否定形式，但句意相同。例如：Shaunwasdisappointed,becausethemoviewasn’tverygood.肖恩失望了，因为电影不好看。→Shaunwasn’tsatisfied,becausethemoviewasn’tverygood.-3-Japanisalargecountry,comparedtoEuropeancountries.与欧洲相比，日本是个大国。→Japanisnotasmallcountry,comparedtoEuropeancountries.Geriwantedsomecandy,butthebowlwasempty.格里想要些糖，但碗里却是空的。→Geriwantedsomecandy,buttherewasn’tanyinthebowl.五、改变句子结构。英语句子结构复杂多样，但释义时应用最基本、最简明、最典型的英语句子。1.使用“There+be+主语”句型。例如：Thenumberofhungrypeoplehasincreasedinthelastdecade.在过去十年中，饥饿民众的数量增加了。第一步：→Thenumberofstarvingpopulationhasgrowninthelastdecade.第二步：→Therehasbeenagrowingnumberofstarvingpopulationinthelastdecade.或者：→Therehasbeenagrowthinthenumberofstarvingpopulationinthelastdecade.2.使用“Itis+adj.+for+名词/代词+不定式”结构。例如：Youneedthemostup-to-dateantivirusprogramstoensureyourharddriveande-mailarenotinfected.你需要最新的杀毒软件来确保硬盘和电子邮件不被病毒感染。第一步：→Youmusthavethemostmodernantivirusprogramstomakesureyourharddriveande-mailarenotdamaged.或者：→Youmusthavethemostmodernantivirusprogramstoprotectyourharddriveande-mail.第二步：→Itisnecessary(foryou)tohavethemostmodernantivirusprogramstoprotectyourharddriveande-mail.Thepowerplantwouldaggravatetheshortageofwaterintheareaifitwasgivenpermissiontouseupto50,000cubicmetersofwateraday.如果允许这座发电厂一天用掉五万立方米的水，就会使该地区缺水现象更加严重。第一步：→Thepowerplantwouldworsenthewatershortageintheareaifitwasallowedtoconsumeupto50,000cubicmetersofwaterdaily.Itis+important/essential/necessary+for+代词/名词to+不定式difficult/hard/easycommon/usual/unusualprobable/possible/impossible/likely/unlikely-4-第二步：→Itispossibleforthepowerplanttoworsenthewatershortageintheareaifitwasallowedtoconsumeupto50,000cubicmetersofwaterdaily.3.把从句变成短语并做些必要的改变。例如：Technologyisnowsopotentandpervasivethatitseemstobethemaindriverofsocialchange.现在，科学技术有力有效，无处不在，似乎成为社会变革的主要推手。第一步：→Technologyisatpresentsopowerfulandwidelyusedthatitappearstobethemaindrivingforceofsocialchange.第二步：→Atpresent,powerfulandwidelyusedtechnologyappearstobethemaindrivingforceofsocialchange.Youneedthemostup-to-dateantivirusprogramstoensureyourharddriveande-mailarenotinfected.你需要最新的杀毒软件来确保硬盘和电子邮件不被病毒感染。第一步：→Youmusthavethemostmodernantivirusprogramstomakesureyourharddriveande-mailarenotdamaged.→Youmusthavethemostmodernantivirusprogramstoprotectyourharddriveande-mail.第二步：→Themostmodernantivirusprogramswillprotectyourharddriveande-mail.4.使用分词短语把复杂句变成简单句。1）把定语从句缩略成分词短语，作后置定语。例如：Policeheldbackprotesterswhoattemptedtobreakthroughthebarricades.警察阻止了那些企图突破路障的抗议者。第一步：→Policeheldbackdemonstratorswhotriedtobreakthroughthebarriers.第二步：→Policeheldbackdemonstratorstryingtobreakthroughthebarriers.AgriculturalLandReformActhasamajorloopholewhichwillletinvestorshavefarmers’landintheir