脊柱肿瘤和肿瘤样病变spinalbonetumorandtumor-likeconditions脊柱肿瘤发生率•骨肿瘤占全身肿瘤0.4%•脊椎肿瘤占骨肿瘤10%以下概述•良性肿瘤:血管瘤,骨样骨瘤,骨母细胞瘤,巨细胞瘤•恶性肿瘤:脊索瘤,骨髓瘤,淋巴瘤,转移瘤•肿瘤样病变:嗜酸性肉芽肿,动脉瘤样骨囊肿血管瘤Hemangioma•最常见的脊柱原发良性肿瘤,约占全部血管瘤的14%,其中90%位于胸、腰椎•构成:低血压慢血流薄壁血管、脂肪基质、存留骨小梁•毛细血管型和海绵状血管型•任何年龄均可发生,一般无症状,多女性•对放射线有相当的敏感性临床病理CT表现:•椎体呈圆点花纹状改变—病灶呈低密度溶骨区,境界清晰,增厚的骨小梁呈多数圆点状高密度,周围可有软组织肿块。增强扫描很少出现强化或轻度强化。MRI表现:•病灶T1WI,T2WI呈斑点或条状高信号或等信号,增粗的骨小梁T1WI,T2WI均呈低信号。T12骨样骨瘤OsteoidOsteoma临床病理•由成骨细胞及骨样组织构成•由瘤巢和周围硬化两部分组成;瘤巢较小,直径2厘米•10%发生于脊柱,56%于腰椎,最常起于椎弓•单发性,肿瘤发展极慢,有自限性•好发于20岁以下青少年•患骨疼痛,夜间加重,服用水杨酸类药物可缓解为其特点。•治疗以用手术切除最为适宜,预后良好影像表现•X线•肿瘤所在部位骨质破坏,偶见内钙化/骨化•周围不同程度的反应性骨硬化•CT•类圆形的低密度骨破坏区,中央见不规则的钙化骨化影•周围不同程度的反应性骨硬化环•核素扫描•肿瘤显示明显核素浓聚FigA:Radiographrevealsasubtlelucentarea(arrow)inarightarticularmass.FigB:CTscanshowsthenidus(largearrowheads)withasmallcentralareaofcalcification(smallarrowhead)andminimalsurroundingsclerosis.FigC:Radiographoftheresectedspecimenshowsthattheniduswasentirelyremoved(arrows).FigD:Posteriorbonescanshowsintenseuptakeoftheradionuclidebythenidus(arrow)17,yr,MOsteoidosteomaoflaminaatT-11ABCD骨样骨瘤瘤巢•MRI•肿瘤未钙化部分T1WI呈低至中等信号,T2WI呈高信号•钙化及周围硬化带均呈低信号•增强后,病变强化明显。骨母细胞瘤Osteoblastoma临床病理•“巨大骨样骨瘤”,膨胀性生长,直径为2cm~10cm•血管丰富,较大者可有囊变,少数夹杂动脉瘤样骨囊肿组织•约40%发生于脊柱,颈、胸、腰椎发病率相近,常累及附件•20~30岁,男性多于女性•水杨酸类药物无缓解和无明显夜间疼痛•治疗应手术切除,复发率为10~15%•X-Ray及CT•a:中心低密度,周围骨硬化,病灶直径大于1.5cm(类似骨样骨瘤)•b:膨胀性低密度区内磨玻璃样密度升高或骨化,周围伴硬化缘•c:为侵袭性表现,膨胀溶骨性破坏,周围软组织浸润和混杂性钙化影像表现•MRI•非钙/骨化部分T1WI呈低至中等信号,T2WI呈高信号,钙/骨化部分呈低信号•周围骨髓和软组织反应性充血水肿,为长T1长T2信号•可显示骨壳中断,椎管内延伸和脊髓受压•合并动脉瘤样骨囊肿时可见囊腔及液液平面•核素扫描•肿瘤显示明显核素浓聚影像表现Fig.ALradiographFig.BCTFig.DSag.T2WIFig.CAxi.T1WILateralx-rayfilms(a)showedasoft-tissueswellingintheretropharyngealspace.Lateral(b)andcoronal(c)MRimagesdemonstratingtumorintheC-2bodyandasoft-tissuemassfromC1–6.AxialCTscan(d)demonstratingatypicalosteoidniduswithperitumoralscleroticrimontherightsideoftheC-2body.Technetiumbonescan(e)alsodisplayspronounceduptakeinthisregion.Weperformedtumorexcisionviaananterolateralretropharyngealapproach(f)occipitocervicalfixationbyusingtwoaxisplatesandtitaniumwires(g).Lateralx-rayfilmsobtainedimmediatelyafter(h)and2yearspostsurgery(i)showingsolidfusion.10,yr,MosteoblastomaofC2骨母细胞瘤骨巨细胞瘤GiantCellTumor,GCT临床病理•由单核基质细胞和多核巨细胞构成,潜在恶性•组织学分三级:Ⅰ级为良性,Ⅱ级为过渡型,Ⅲ级为恶性•多发生于20~40岁成年人•好发于骺板愈合后的骨端,股骨下端及胫骨上端最常见•约7%发生于脊柱,最常累及骶骨•多全切治疗,若仅刮除术约40~60%复发影像表现•X线•早期为偏心性溶骨破坏,骨皮质膨胀变薄•后期可有压缩性骨折伴软组织肿块•CT•偏心性囊状膨胀性溶骨性破坏,伴骨膜反应和软组织肿块,部分边缘可见硬化•内部可见骨性间隔及液-液平面,骨化及钙化少见,•发生于骶骨时,一般位于骶髂关节附近•增强扫描实性成分中重度强化•MRI•膨胀性多囊性骨质破坏•T1WI上呈低、中等信号;T2WI上呈不均匀低、中、高混杂信号;可见局部出血信号;周边有一低信号环,相当于轻度硬化边影像表现脊索瘤Chordoma临床病理•起源:残留或异位脊索组织,低度恶性。•发病年龄:多见于50--70岁。•发病部位:颅底(35%),骶尾椎(55%)和脊柱(10%)。•生长缓慢,局部侵袭性,少转移,偶远处转移,主要为肺、淋巴结、蛛网膜下腔和脊髓影像表现•X线•肿瘤为溶骨性膨胀性破坏,可伴有软组织肿块•瘤内50-70%见钙化,且形态不一•起病于骶尾部的肿瘤,多位于下部骶椎•骶椎以上节段患骨较少膨胀改变,并可出现硬化呈“象牙椎”表现影像表现•CT•发生于颅底者呈大片状或溶冰样骨破坏•发生于骶尾部者多呈膨胀性骨质破坏•伴有境界清楚的软组织肿块•病变区不规则钙化多见•增强,轻至中度强化影像表现•MRI•T1WI:低、等信号•T2WI:高强信号,不规则低信号钙化、残留骨及血管流空影•增强:明显强化或轻度强化•MRI在显示病变侵及的范围方面优于CT•CT在确定肿瘤的性质特点方面优于MRIFig.ALateralradiographshowsdestructionofthedistalsacrumandcoccyxwithcalcification(arrow).Fig.BCTscanalsodemonstratesthebonedestructionandasoft-tissuemass(arrowheads)containingcalcifications(arrow)..Chordomaoflowersacrum48-year-oldmanFig.AFig.B脊索瘤Fig.CT1WISagittalandaxialT2WIFig.DMRimagesrevealtheexpansilesacrococcygeallesion(arrowheads),whichhashighsignalintensityonD.Fig.CFig.D脊索瘤Fig.EAsseeninthissagittalsectionofthegrossspecimen,theMRimagingappearancecorrelateswiththeexpansilelesion(arrowheads)andcalcification(arrow).Theuppersacrum(*)isspared脊索瘤UpperLeftandRight:AxialCTscansdemonstratingalargesoft-tissuemassextendinganteriorlytoinvolvetherectumandposteriorlytoinvadethebuttocks;calcificationisseenwithinthemass.LowerLeftandRight:SagittalfastspinechoT2-weightedandaxialT2-weightedMRimagesdemonstratingthelesioninfiltratingthepresacralregion,extendingtosurroundtherectumandtheperivesicalfatbutnotinvadingthebladder.24-yrMchordomainvolvingS3-5脊索瘤chordomaFig.AFig.B脊索瘤残存椎间盘形成的“分节”现象Fig.ALateralradiographshowsadensevertebralbody(arrows)atL-3.Fig.BSagittalreconstructedCTscanobtainedafterinitialopenbiopsyrevealsnotonlytheL-3sclerosisbutalsosimilarfindingsinthesuperioraspectofL-4(arrowheads).ChordomaofL13-year-oldman1-yrhistoryofintermittentlowbackpain.Fig.AFig.B脊索瘤SagittalT1WIFig.CandT2WIFig.DMRimagesbetterdelineatethemarrowinvolvementatL-3andL-4withextensionthroughthedisk(arrows).Themasshasmarkedhighsignalintensityond.Fig.CFig.DFig.Egrossspecimendepictstheextentoftheneoplasm,withdiffuseinvolvementofL-3(arrowheads),theadjacentdisk(*),andthesuperioraspectofL-4(arrows).Fig.E脊索瘤骨髓瘤Myeloma临床病理•起源于红骨髓的恶性肿瘤•高分化型(小细胞型):浆细胞型骨髓瘤低分化型(大细胞型):网状细胞型骨髓瘤•椎体为其好发部位,绝大多数为多发;单发少见,且约1/3可转变为多发。晚期可广泛转移。•40岁以上常见,男:女=2:1•表现为骨骼疼痛,软组织肿块,病理性骨折•实验室检查—血沉加快、尿B-J蛋白、贫血等。影像表现•X线•广泛性骨质疏松•多发性骨质破坏:穿凿状、鼠咬状、蜂窝状、皂泡状•软组织肿块:位于破坏区周围,很少跨越椎间盘水平至邻近椎旁•骨质硬化:少见,又称硬化型骨髓瘤。•平片约10%正常表现影像表现•CT•较X线平片更好的显示骨质改变和软组织异常•MRI•对骨髓变化非常敏感•长T1长T2信号改变•STIR序列病变高信号较T2WI更明显Fig.Multipleplasmacytomaswithcordcompression.aSagittalT1WI(left)andbSTIR(right)MRIofthoracicspineshowscatteredfocallesionsinvolvingvertebralbodiesandposteriorelementsofthoracicspine.Bothctransversean