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PartfourTheparagraphIstructureandtypesofparagraphsIIBasicrequirementsofparagraphsIIICommonwaysofparagraphdevelopmentsDefinitionofparagraph•Aparagraphisanaturalcomponentofacompletearticle.Aparagraphisrelativelyself-independentinstructureandidea.Soaparagraphisoftenregardedasamini-essay.Istructureandtypesofparagraphs•Aparagraphisgenerallycomposedofthreeparts:•Topicsentence•-----indicatingthemainidea•Supportingsentence•-----helpexplainingthemainidea•Concludingsentence•-----makingaconclusion,anditisoftennecessarytolinkwiththetopicsentenceStructureofaparagraph•Topicsentence•SupportingsentenceSupportingsentenceSupportingsentenceSupportingsentence•ConcludingsentenceTypesofparagraphs•Introductoryparagraph•Bodyparagraph/supportingparagrapha:paragraphwithatopicsentenceb:paragraphwithoutatopicsentence•Conclusiveparagraph(notallaritcleshavetheirconclusivepara.s,exceptessaysandresearchpapers)•Transitionalparagraph(Itfunctionstransitionbetweentwoparagraphs.Itusuallyretrospectsandsummerizestheformerpara.sandsuggeststhefollowingones)Sample1para.Withatopicsentence•Changesinthepricesofgoodscancausechangesinproductionandconsumption.Productionincreaseswhenthepricesarehigh.Asthpricesofgoodsgoup,producersmakemoregoodsbecausebecausetheycanmakemoremoneywhentheysellthegoods.Ontheotherhand,consumptionincreaseswhenthepricesarelow.Asthepricesofgoodsofgoodsgodown,consumersbuymoregoodsbecauseofthelowprices.Sample2para.withoutatopicsentence•Theaveragepopulationdencityoftheworldis47personspersquaremile.ContinentaldencitieswangefromnopermanentinhabitantsinAntarcticato211persquaremileinEurope.Inthewesternhemisphere,populationdencitiesrangefrom4persquaremileinCanadato675persquaremileinPuertoRico.InEuropetherangeisfrom4persquaremileinIcelandto831persquaremiletheNetherlands.Withincountriestherearewidevariationsofpopulationdencities.Forexample,inEgypt,theaverageis55personspersquaremile,but1,300personsinhabiteachsquaremileinsettledportionswherethelandisarable.Sample3para.Withoutatopicsentence•Theroomislocatedonthefifthfloorofthehighbuilding.Onethirdofitstotalflooristakenupbyadoublebed.Facingit,inthecornerbehindthedoor,standsacupboardloadedwithpots,bowls,dishes,bottles,andflour.Adeskcompletelyfillsthegapbetweenthebedandthewallwiththewindow.Behindthedeskisachair,theonlyoneintheroom;anditalmosttouchestheboxesandtrunkspiledagainstthewallontheoppositeside.1howtowritethetopicsentence•Threepoints:•(1)atopicsentencemustbeacompletesentence,ratherthanasentencefragment.•(2)atopicsentencecomesintwoparts,topicwords(indicatingobjecttobediscussed)andexpressionofthesis(indicatingtheparticularaspectofthethesis).•E.g.TheWomenMovementhashadseveraleffectsontheEnglishlanguage.•(3)atopicsentencecanbeneithertoogeneralnortoospecific.•Positionofthetopicsentence:topicsentencecanbeputinthebeginning,inthemiddleandattheendofaparagraph.Itdependshowtheparagraphisdeveloped.Forexample,ifaparagraphisdevelopedbydeductivemethod,thetopicsentenceisoftenputinthebeginning;ifaparagraphdevelopedbycomparativeorcontrtastivemethod,thetopicsentenceputinthemiddle;andifbyconductivemethod,thetopicsentenceputintheend.2HowtowritesupportingsentencesSupportingsentencesaretheextensionandspecificationofthetopicsentence.•Basicrequirements：A:inthemeaning,supportivetothetheme;specificandtypicalB:intheformandalsointhemeaning,coherenceandproperorganizationC:necessaryquantitiesofsupportingmaterialsSample4aparagraph•Anotherproblemfacinganumberofelderlypeopleislivingonareducedincome.Uponretiring,oldpeoplemayreceiveapensionfromtheircompanyofSocialSecurityfromthegovernment.Theamountoftheirchecksifoftenhalftheamountthecheckstheyreceivedwhentheywereemployed.Suddenly,retireesfindthattheycannolongercontinuethelife-stylethattheyhadbecomeaccustomedto,eventhelife-stylewasamodestone.Manyfind,afterpayingtheirmonthlybills,thatthereisnomoneyleftforamovieoradinnerout.Ofcourse,sometimestheycan’tgooutbecauseoftheirhealth.Maybetheyhavearthritisorrheumatismanditispainfulforthemtomovearound.Thiscanalsochangetheirlife-style.Someoldpeople,however,discoverthatthesmallamountofmoneytheyreceivewillnotevencovertheirmonthlybills.Theyrealizewithhorrorthatelectricity,atelephone,andnourishingfoodfoodareluxuriestheycannolongerafford.Theyresorttoshiveringinthedark,eatingcatfoodinordertomakeendsmeet.3howtowriteaconcludingsentence•3rules•A:obviousindicationoftheendingoftheparagraph,somesignalwordsforending:insummaryinaword;inbrief;inconclusion;toconclude;inshort;inotherwords•B:summerizationoremphasisonthemainideatomaketheideamoreimpressiveSampleconcludingsentencesinwritingtests•1.Takingintoaccountofallthesefactors,wemayreachtheconclusionthat_____.•2.Allreliableevidencespointtoonesaying,thatis_____.•3.Forthereasonspresentedabove,Istronglycommittothenotionthat_____.•4.Whileitistruethat_____,Ithinkthat_____.•5.GiventhefactorsIhavejustoutlined,Icanonlysaythat_____.•6.Thisisnottosaythat_____.Butintermsof_____,itis_____.•7.Therefore,itiseasytodrawtheconclusionthat_____.•8.Recognizingthefactthat_____shoulddriveustoconcludethat_____.•9.Toputallintoa