生态风险评价研究进展

26520065ACTAECOLOGICASINICAVol.26,No.5May,2006陈辉1,2,刘劲松2,曹宇4,李双成3,欧阳华1(1.,100101;2.,050016;3.,100871;4.,310029):973(2005CB422005);(L2004B14);(90202012):20050625;:20060120:(1972~),,,,,,.Email:[e-mail]:Theprojectwassupportedbynationalkeybasicresearchprogram(NO.2005CB422005),ScientificresearchfundofHebeiNormalUniversity(No.L2004B14)andnationalnaturalsciencesfundkeyproject(Bo.90202012)Receiveddate:20050625;Accepteddate:20060120Biography:CHENHui,Ph.D.,Associateprofessor,mainlyengagedinecologyandphysicalgeography.Email:[e-mail]:20,,,,,,,,,:;;;;;:10000933(2006)05155809:Q14,X32:AProgressesofecologicalriskassessmentCHENHui1,2,LIUJinSong2,CAOYu4,LIShuangCheng3,OUYANGHua1(1.TheInstituteofGeographicalSciencesandNaturalResourcesResearch,CAS,Beijing100101,China;2.CollegeofResourcesandEnvironmentalSciences,HebeiNormalUniversity,Shijiazhuang050016,China;3.CollegeofEnvironmentalSciences,PekingUniversity,Beijing100871,China;4.CollegeofSoutheastLandManagement,ZhejiangUniversity,Hangzhou310029,China).ActaEcologicaSinica,2006,26(5):1558~1566.Abstract:Riskassessmentbeginningat1980shasdevelopedgreatlyincontent,scaleandmethodsofassessmentfromonechemicalandonereceptortoitscurrentapplicationatlargespatialandtemporalscalesinthe20years.Inthe1980s,themainassessmentcontentwasfromtoxicityofonechemicaltohumanhealthrisk.Inthe1990s,riskassessmentasamanagementtoolhadtobeappliedtopopulations,communities,andeventuallytotheecologicallandscapeatlargescales.Theriskanalysisofmultiplestressors,notjustmultiplechemicalsbutmultipletypesofagents,wasalsotakenintoaccount.Duringthelatepartof1990sandearly2000s,theecologicalriskassessmentwasbroadeningtoincludenotonlychemicalsandecologicalaffairsbutalsoawidevarietystressors,suchastheimpactsofhumanactivities(urbanization,landuseandlandcoverchange,fisheryandclimatechange,etc.)andtheassessmentscalewasexpandingtoregionandlandscapescales.Frameworksandstatisticalmodelsarethekeyofregionalecologicalriskassessment.TheriskassessmentframeworkpresentedintheNationalResearchCouncil(NRC)RedBookplayedakeyroleinthedevelopmentofecologicalriskassessment.Afteryearsofmodification,theassessmentframeworkhadbeenimprovedtobeperfecttill1998.TheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)frameworkproposedanintegratedframeworkthatcoveredbothhumanhealthandecologicalriskassessmentincludingadetaileddescriptionoftheprocessandshowinghowtheprocesscouldbeappliedtoabroadrangeofsituations.Sincethen,variousERAframeworkhavebeendevelopedforuseinsomecountries(e.g.Netherlands,Australia,UnitedKingdom)andforspecificsituations.Thestatisticalmethodsarethequantitativemethodsofecologicalriskassessment.Foronechemicalstressor,theratiovaluemodelandexposureresponsemodelareadopted,butforthemultiplestressors,multiplereceptors,largescaleofcomplexregionallandscape,themethodsaren!tsuitablebecausemanyuncertaintieswillappearduringtheextendingfromonestressorsmallscaletomultiplestressorslargescale.Intheregionalecologicalriskassessment,RelativeRiskAssessment(RRA)basedonweightofevidence(WOE)areusedwidely.WOEapproachesreportedintheliteraturevarybroadlyfromsubjectiveandqualitativetoquantitativeandthecategoriesofwhichincludequalitativecombination,expertranking,consensusranking,semiquantitativerankingandsedimentqualitytriad.WOEapproachescouldbeusedinretrospectassessment,causationassessmentandthewholeprocessofecologicalriskassessment.Inthefuture,asauniversalframeworkforecologicalmanagement,ecologicalriskassessmentshoulddevelopdeeplyinresolvingtheproblemsofscaleextending,uncertaintyandassessmentstandard.Atthebackgroundofglobalecologicalcrisis,regionalecologicalriskassessmentwillemphasizedthefieldsandaspectsincloserelationshipwithglobalchanges,suchashumanactivities,geologicaldisastersandclimateaffairsandecologicalriskresultingfrompolicyerrorandecologysafety,etc.Regionalecologicalriskassessmenthasthepotentialofbecomingquantitativetoolsofmanagementdecisionifitintegratedwitheconomy,societyandculture.Keywords:ecologicalriskassessment;landscape;region;largescale;regionalecologicalriskassessment;managementdecision19,,,,,,,,,[1]1980,,[2]1980;1990,,,;2090,,,(),3:∀;#();∃11.12080[3],1975,Walter,,Hilborn[4](2070~80),,,,,1.22080%%%2080,,,2080,[5,6],[7~9],:,,,,(EPA)15595:1981,(ORNL)EPA[11,13],,,[10~12]ORNL(NRC,1983),,,[14],[15],EPA,,,1986(Superfundsites),1988[16~24]1989,EPA1986,1989,,;,[25]:,;,132090%%%BarnthouseandSute[15],:;;,,20802090,ORNL,,Barnthouse,,,[14]Johnson,,,[26]CarolynHunsakertffu[27],,1990,NRC(CRAM)(),(NRC,1993)[28,29]1990,EPA,,(),EPA1992[30]2090,EPA,,(EPA,1998)[35]EPA(1998)EPA(1998),,[31,32]EPA(1998),(WHO)EPA,,,[33,34]2090,,,,,,EPA,EPA,,156026(),,1.42090~212090()EPA[30,35]ORNLClinchRiver[36~41],,,,ValielaIWaquoitBayMassachusettsN,[42]CormierSM,BigDarbyRiver[43],,,,[44~46]WayneG,[46],:;,,,[47,48],[49][49],,,,(),,:∀,(()),#(),,2()2.1,,,,(NRC,1983),,1998,,[30],,(triggervalues),,[50],,[31,51~53]:(HPDP)[54](PETER)[55][55],,,,,,15615:[31],,Menzie,[56][53,54,57,58],,,HPDP,,HPDP(scale),,,(,)(,)HPDP,,,LandisWG[59]CherryPoint,,HPDP,,HPDPPETER,HPDP(scale)PETE