HND商法导论-Assessment-task-1

Assessmenttask1coveredoutcome1Assessmenttask1考试简介考试形式：开卷考试时长：90分钟考试形式：10道主观问答题答题说明：①题目中的所有问点都要做答；②相关内容应当全部涵盖；③答题条理清楚，思维通畅。ThemainsourcesofmodernScotsLaw考试重点：现代苏格兰法的主要渊源SourcesofScotsLaw(seepage21)Today’slawswhichgoverntoday’ssocietycomefromtwomainsources.Thereare:1.StatutorySourcesofLawLegislationisbyfarthemostimportantsourceoflawtoday.（seepage21）2.CommonLawSources概念区分制定法∕成文法法律渊源：StatutorySourcesoflawLegislation议会制定法：ActsofParliamentStatutoryLegislationActsStatutesStatutelaw制定法∕成文法法律渊源：StatutorySourcesofLaw∕Legislationa.ActsofParliament议会制定法b.DelegatedLegislation授权立法c.EuropeanUnionLaw欧共体法律Statutorylegislation议会制定法PassedbyUnitedKingdomParliament国会法PassedbyScottishParliament苏格兰地方议会法PassedbyUnitedKingdomParliament国会法PassedbyboththeHouseofCommonsandtheHouseofLordsandthengiventheRoyalAssent.Most-applytothewholeoftheUnitedKingdom;Some-onlyapplytoScotland(“Scotland”willappearintheirtitle)applytothewholeoftheUnitedKingdomapplytoScotlandPassedbyScottishParliament苏格兰地方议会法TheScotlandAct1998meansthattheScottishParliamenthasthepowertomakelawsonanytopicnotobservedtotheUnitedKingdomParliament.Onlyonechamber.Startasabill.WhichistheSuperiorlegislativebody:theWestminsterParliamentortheScottishParliament?Answer:theWestminsterParliament(theUKparliament)Why:StillthenationalParliamentfortheUKalthoughmuchpowerhasbeendevolved（移交）totheScottishParliament.IttookanActoftheWestminsterParliament(ScotlandAct1998)tocreatetheParliamentandtransfer（转让）power.AnactoftheWestminsterParliamentcanintheoryabolishtheScottishParliament.TheScottishParliamentisinferior（下级）toWestminsterinthesense（在某种意义上）thatcertainareasremainundertheexclusivity（独占性）oftheWestminsterparliament,e.g.DefenceandForeignPolicy).NB：ThisisanareawherebyareasthatarecurrentlyunderthecontrolofWestminstermayovertimebetransferredtotheremitoftheScottishParliament.ThisisparticularlyworthyofnoteinrespectofissuesrelatingtopotentialScottishindependence.Actsofparliament1.TheLicensing(Scotland)Act19752.TheDivorce(Scotland)Act19763.AbolitionofPoindingsandWarrantSalesAct20014.DogFouling(Scotland)Act20035.HealthandSatefyatWork19746.SaleofGoodsAct19797.EmploymentRightsAct19968.ProtectionofChildren(Scotland)Act20039.EqualityAct201210.ScotlandAct199811.CompaniesAct2006DelegatedLegislation授权立法Alsoknownassecondarylegislation—thisislawthatcanbemadebyotherpersonsandbodieswithouthavingtointroduceaBillinParliamentandhavetogothroughtheParliamentaryprocess.Thismeansthatlawscanbeamendedquicklyifnecessaryorneededinanemergency.ThepowertodothiscomesfromanActofParliament.Threetypes:StatutoryInstrument法律文件(canbeeither“orderincouncil”枢密院令or“ministerialregulations”行政规章)By-laws单行条例ActsofSederunt开庭法andActsofAdjournal休庭法EuropeanUnionLaw欧共体法律Primarylegislation.secondarylegislation.Primarylegislation.主体法律∕宪章性条约ThisconsistsofthevariousTreatiesandotherlegislationwhichwaspassedtosetuptheEuropeanUnionandgivebodieswithinittheirpowers.TreatyofRome(罗马条约)——takeeffectwhenratified（批准）byWestminsterParliamentinUK.ThesingleEuropeanAct(单一欧洲文件)TheTreatyonEuropeanUnion(欧洲联盟条约)Secondarylegislation次级法律TherearefivewaysinwhichtheinstitutionsoftheCommunityareabletochangeorinfluencethelawsinthememberstates.1.Regulations条例e.g.WorkingTimeRegulations1998;（takeeffectimmediatelywhensignedby27MemberStatesoftheEU.Nonationalimplementationmeasuresareneeded.）2.Directives指示;（addressedtoMemberStatesandcomeintoforcewhenimplementinglegislationispassedbytheWestminsterParliament.）3.Decisions决定;4.Recommendations建议;5.Opinions意见.EuropeanUnionLawwhy：EULawissupremeandanyconflictingnationallawmustbeamendedorabolished.TheUKisamemberoftheEUandallMemberStatesmustcomplywithEULawinorderforthesinglemarkettofunction.InaconflictbetweenScotsandEuropeanUnionLaw,whichoneofthetwolegalsystemsaretheScottishCourtsboundtofollow?ThefourmostimportantinstitutionsoftheEuropeanUnionEuropeanCommission欧盟委员会—knownastheinitiator（发起者）ofEUlegislation.Allproposals（提案）forlawsmustoriginateandbedraftedbytheCommission.TheCounciloftheEuropeanUnion部长会议—hasthefinalsayonEUlegislation.ItsharespowerwiththeEuropeanParliamentinapprovingorrejecting（批准或拒绝）lawsfromtheCommission.TheEuropeanParliament欧洲议会—mustbeconsulted（咨询）whenlawsarebeingdebated（争议）,etc.ItsharespowerwiththeCouncilinthatitcanapprove,amendandveto（批准、修改或否决）laws.TheEuropeanCourtofJustice欧盟法院—interprets（接受）thelawsdraftedanddebatedandapprovedbytheotherinstitutions.TheCourtclarifiesthelawforMemberStateswherethereisadisputeandwiththeCommissioncanhearactionsagainstnaturalandlegalpersons,etcfornon-compliance（不符合）withEULaw.CommonLawSources普通法渊源a.JudicialPrecedent(判例法)b.Custom(习惯法)c.Equity(衡平法)d.InstitutionalWritings(经典法律著述)Whatismeantbythedoctrineofjudicialprecedent？遵循先例原则是什么意思？Thedoctrineofjudicialprcedentinvolvesaprocesswherebyjudgescandeveloparuleoflawbymakingadecisioninatestcase（判例案件）.Oncethisdecisionhasbeenmade,futurejudgesandcourtswillbeexpectedtofollowthereasoninglaiddowninthetestcaseiftheyaredealingwithacasewhichraisessimilarlegalissues.Answer:Itshouldbestressedthatnoteveryjudgecanmakeanew,bindinglegalr