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FeminismContent•DefinitionofFeminism•DevelopmentofFeminism•ConclusionWhatisfeminism?•referstomovementsaimedatestablishinganddefendingequalpolitical,economic,andsocialrightsandopportunitiesforwomen.•bringaboutequalitybewteenmenandwomenintheuniverseThreeWaves•First-wavefeminism(19c-E20c)•Second-wavefeminism(19c50s，70s)•Third-wavefeminism(20c90s)KeyPointsHistoricalBackgroundKeyConcernsRepresentativeFiguresandWorks4123HistoricalBackground•WWI&WWII•Men→wentofftofight•Women→Transition•Women:maintenanceoftheU.S.economy•Symbol:“RosietheRiveter“(铆工露丝)poster•Afterthewar↓thesecondwaveofAmericanfeminism•themarriagelaws,propertyrights,education,employment,women'ssuffrage,andtheplightofintelligentmiddle-classwomen•3keygoals•limitationKeyConcernsRepresentativeFiguresandWorks•MaryWollstonecraftAVindicationoftheRightsofWoman(为女性辩护)Genderequality(citizenship&politicalrights)Anti-aristocraticprivilegesMan=women(intelligence&capacity)•JohnStuartMillwhatwomenarecapableof?RelicfromthepasthindrancetohumandevelopmentTheSubjectionofWomen(女性的屈从地位)RepresentativeFiguresandWorks•VirginiaWoolf•SimonedeBeauvoirRepresentativeFiguresandWorksVirginiaWoolf•women’smaterialdisadvantages•genderidentity→sociallyconstruted,challenged,transformed•twokeytexts:•ARoomofOne’sOwn(1929)•ThreeGuineas(1938)2keytexts•examinethedifficultiesfemalewritersandintellectualsface→socialandeconomicobstacleslimitwomen’sliteraryambitionsARoomofOne’sOwn•famousdictum:“awomanmusthavemoneyandaroomofherownifsheistowritefiction.”Independenceofpropertysocial&economicequality↓artistictalentsSimonedeBeauvoir•first-wavefeminism▼second-wavefeminismmaterialism+interests’difference+discriminationTheSecondSex•theBibleoffeminism•arguesthatwomenthroughouthistoryhavebeendefinedastheothersex,anaberrationfromthenormalmalesex•sexvs.gendersex&gender•Sex:(性别)biological;inborn•Gender:(性属)social;graduallyacquired“Oneisnotborn,butratherbecomes,awoman.”Other（他者）first…•byGermanphilosopherHegel(黑格尔)•asconstituentinself-consciousness.byBeauvori…•change•treatswomanastheOtherinrelationtoman.•animportantconceptOther（他者）•theOther=theminority=theleastfavored≈woman•foramanrepresentsboththepositiveandtheneutral,whereaswomanrepresentsonlythenegative,definedbylimitingcriteria…•eg:man=humanbeingswoman=？？他们=他+她她们=？？Beauvoir’sotherviews•reproduction&abortion↓↓slavepro-abortionindependentwoman:children×marriage×vocational√Waystogainliberation•constructivesexoppression•self-struggle:1.work---destiny2.intellect,orwell-educated3.socialisttransformation---Subjectvs.ObjectSelfvs.Other(idealizedfamily,fulfilltherole)Tobeagoodhousewifeisthemostimportantworkintheworld.GeneralIntroductionIgetridofstressbymoppingmyfloorandbuffingittoaperfectshine.GeneralIntroductionAveragemarriageage:20Universitystudents:47%-----35%Dropoutbecauseofmarriage:60%Workingwomen:15%-----11%GeneralIntroduction•Absorbedpowerfromthecivil-rights,peaceandotherprotestmovements•Criticizedtheattitudeofwesternsocietyindealingwithproblemsinwomen•Broadenedtofieldsofsex,body,emotionsandprivateareas(familyissues).ImportantIdeasImportantIdeasHarasssexuallyRapeDuetoindividualcharacterandpsychologyMale:Lowmorality?Criminal?Female:Inappropriatebehavior?Individualbehaviors?Politicaldisplayofmen’controllingwomenKeyIssues•Consciousnessraisinggroups(late60s-early70s,2000)•Talkandsharetogether•combinedwithothertreatmentsasaneffectiveformtoeducatewomenKeyIssuesBeatenbyherhusbandOtherwomenbeatenbyhusbandsorboyfriendsOthersshareasameproblemwithmeMyownpersonalproblemisapoliticalissueSocialstructure:theexternalfactorNotherowninternaldeficienciesPersonalproblemisthepoliticalissue.Thepersonalispolitical.KeyIssuesProfoundInfluenceIcanbeawoman.Ineedn’ttobeashamed.NowIabandontheideaofwoman.“woman”ismyslavename.Feminismwillgivemethefreedomtofindacompletelynewidentity.KeyIssuesJudgeorcriticizethebodyofwomenintheperspectiveofmenFocusonlyonexternalimageofwomeninsteadofinnerfeelingandqualityKeyIssues•In1968,RobinMorganleadsmembersofNewYorkRadicalWomentoprotesttheMissAmericaPageant.•Fear:can’treachthestandardofbeauty.KeyIssues•Coronate(加冠冕)forasheep•threwbras,girdles（束腰）,falseeyelashes（假睫毛）intothetrashbinsKeyIssues•.Hostilemedia：braburningissueoperatedbyuglyandjealouswomenintragediesandfrustration•Didn’thappen•Against:dressingoneselftomeettherequirementsofmenregardingwomenassexualobjectsonlyRepresentativeFiguresandWorksKateMilletSexualPolitics•thefirstbookofacademicfeministliterarycriticism•animportanttheoreticaltouchstoneforthesecond-wavefeminismofthe'70sRepresentativeFiguresandWorksCantherelationshipbetweenthesexesbeviewedinapoliticalview?Councilmeeting?Elections?Politicalparities?AseriesofstrategiesneededtomaintainasystemRepresentativeFiguresandWorksSexRelation(MencontrolWomen)Racerelation(种族关系)Classrelatio