Duplex_Stainless_Steel-0

PRACTICALGUIDELINESFORTHEFABRICATIONOFDUPLEXSTAINLESSSTEELSRevisedEdition©2001InternationalMolybdenumAssociation2TheInternationalMolybdenumAssociation(IMOA)hasmadeeveryefforttoensurethattheinformationpresentedistechnicallycorrect.However,IMOAdoesnotrepresentorwarranttheaccuracyoftheinformationcontainedinthishandbookoritssuitabilityforanygeneralorspecificuse.Thereaderisadvisedthatthematerialcontainedhereinisforinformationpurposesonly;itisnotintendedasasubstituteforanyperson’sprocedures,andshouldnotbeusedorrelieduponforanyspecificorgeneralapplicationwithoutfirstobtainingcompetentadvice.IMOA,itsmembers,staffandconsultantsspecificallydisclaimanyandallliabilityorresponsibilityofanykindforloss,damage,orinjuryresultingfromtheuseoftheinformationcontainedinthispublication.ASTM’sinternationalspecificationswereusedpredominantlyinthispublication;however,materialspecificationsmayvaryamongcountries.TABLEOFCONTENTSPreparedbyTechnicalMarketingResources,Inc.ofPittsburgh,Pennsylvania,USA.(),ConsultantstoIMOA.Frontcoverpicture:SlittingofDuplexStainlessSteel(Source:KruppThyssenNirosta)PagenumberPagenumber1.Introduction................................................................32.HistoryofDuplexStainlessSteels........................43.ChemicalCompositionandRoleofAlloyingElements......................................................63.1ChemicalCompositionofDuplexStainlessSteels............63.2TheRoleoftheAlloyingElementsinDuplexStainlessSteels64.MetallurgyofDuplexStainlessSteels.................85.CorrosionResistance................................................105.1ResistancetoAcids...........................................................105.2ResistancetoCaustics......................................................115.3PittingandCreviceCorrosionResistance.........................115.4StressCorrosionCrackingResistance...............................136.EndUserSpecificationsandQualityControl146.1StandardTestingRequirements.........................................146.1.1ChemicalComposition.......................................................146.1.2SolutionAnnealingandQuenching....................................156.2SpecialTestingRequirements...........................................156.2.1TensileandHardnessTests................................................156.2.2BendTests..........................................................................166.2.3ImpactTestingandMetallographicExaminationforIntermetallicPhases...........................................................166.2.4PhaseBalanceasDeterminedbyMetallographyorMagneticMeasurements.....................................................176.2.5CorrosionTesting...............................................................176.2.6ProductionWeldingandInspection....................................187.MechanicalProperties.............................................198.PhysicalProperties....................................................209.Cutting..........................................................................219.1Sawing..............................................................................219.2Shearing...........................................................................219.3Punching..........................................................................219.4PlasmaandLaserCutting................................................2210.Forming........................................................................2210.1HotForming.....................................................................2210.1.1SolutionAnnealing.............................................................2210.2WarmForming...................................................................2310.3ColdForming...................................................................2310.4PressForming...................................................................2410.5Spinforming.....................................................................2511.MachiningDuplexStainlessSteels......................2511.1GeneralGuidelinesforMachiningDuplexStainlessSteels..................................................................2611.2TurningandFacing......................................2611.3FaceMillingwithCementedCarbides..........2711.4TwistDrillingwithHighSpeedSteelDrills2712.WeldingDuplexStainlessSteels.......2812.1GeneralWeldingGuidelines.........................2812.1.1DifferencesBetweenDuplexandAusteniticStainlessSteels.............................................2812.1.2SelectionofStartingMaterial........................2812.1.3CleaningBeforeWelding...............................2812.1.4JointDesign..................................................2812.1.5Preheating.....................................................2912.1.6HeatInputandInterpassTemperature.........2912.1.7PostweldHeatTreatment..............................2912.1.8DesiredPhaseBalance..................................2912.1.9DissimilarMetalWelds.................................3012.2WeldingP