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mainUnit1PresentingaSpeech2012PartASectionAPre-listening-BackgroundInformationTollRoadAtollroad(ortollway,turnpike,pike,tollhighwayoranexpresstollroute)isaprivatelyorpubliclybuiltroadforwhichadriverpaysatoll(afee)foruse.Structuresforwhichtollsarechargedincludetollbridgesandtolltunnels.Non-tollroadsarefinancedusingothersourcesofrevenue,mosttypicallyfueltaxorgeneraltaxfunds.Thebuildingorfacilityinwhichatolliscollectedmaybecalledatollbooth,tollPre-listeningNewWordsandExpressionsBackgroundInformationPartAPartBListeningSectionAPre-listening-BackgroundInformationplaza,tollstation,tollbarortollgate.Thisbuildingisusuallyfoundoneithersideofabridgeandatexits.Threesystemsoftollroadsexist:open(withmainlinebarriertollplazas);closed(withentry/exittolls)andall-electronictollcollection(notollbooths,onlyelectronictollcollectiongantriesatentrancesandexits,oratstrategiclocationsonthemainlineoftheroad).Tollroadshavebeencriticizedasbeinginefficientinthreeways:1.Theyrequirevehiclestostoporslowdown,manualtollcollectionwastestimeandraisesvehicleoperatingcosts.Pre-listeningNewWordsandExpressionsBackgroundInformationPartAPartBListeningSectionAPre-listening-BackgroundInformation2.Collectioncostscanabsorbuptoone-thirdofrevenues,andrevenuetheftisconsideredtobecomparativelyeasy.3.Wherethetolledroadsarelesscongestedthantheparallel“free”roads,thetrafficdiversionresultingfromthetollsincreasescongestionontheroadsystemandreducesitsusefulness.Pre-listeningNewWordsandExpressionsBackgroundInformationPartAPartBListeningSectionAtollbridgestollbridges:abridgeoverwhichtrafficmaypassuponpaymentofatoll,orfeePartAPartBSectionAfueltaxfueltax:(alsoknownasapetrol,gasolineorgastax,orasafuelduty)anexcisetaximposedonthesaleoffuelPartAPartBSectionA.NewWordsandExpressionsboomingtrade兴旺的贸易immigrant外来移民linktogether连接起来turnpike收费路fee费vehicle车辆，机动车Pre-listeningNewWordsandExpressionsBackgroundInformationPartAPartBListeningSectionAListenTask1Listentothelectureandtrytogetitsmainideasbytakingnotes.Fillintheblanksaccordingtoyournotes.1.Thelectureismainlyabout.2.Thetwoimportantagriculturalproductsareand.3.IntheEastthey.IntheSouththey.4.Advantagesofroads:and.5.Purposeforroadbuilding:therelationshipbetweenroadbuildingandeconomicdevelopmentgrain_______cotton_______grewgrain____________grewcotton_____________fast_____convenient____________totransportgrainandcotton_______________________________________________________________________________________________________Pre-listeningTask1ListenandTakeNotesTask2ListenforDetailsPartAPartBListeningTask2.1Listentothelectureagainandtrytoanswerthefollowingquestions.1.About300yearsago,whathelpedtheUnitedStates’economygrowrapidly?Aboomingtradeingrainandcotton.2.Whywasthereabigdemandforgrainduringtheperiodfrom1700to1800?BecauseoftherapidlygrowingpopulationandthelargenumberofimmigrantsfromEurope.Pre-listeningListeningTask1ListenandTakeNotesTask2ListenforDetailsPartAPartBTask2.23.HowwascottonoutputincreasedintheSouthatthattime?ThefarmersgotlaborersfromAfrica.4.Whydidtradingfirsttakeplacealongthecoast,andnearriversandlakes?Becauseitwaseasyandcheaptotransportgoodsfromoneplacetoanother.5.Whatdidsomeprivatecompaniesdoasfarasroadbuildingwasconcerned?Theybuiltroadsandcollectedfees.Pre-listeningListeningTask1ListenandTakeNotesTask2ListenforDetailsPartAPartBScriptRoadBuildingGoodmorning,everyone.TodayI’llbetalkingabouttherelationshipbetweenroadbuildingandthedevelopmentoftheAmericaneconomyduringthe18thcentury.About300yearsago,theUnitedStates’economywasgrowingrapidly,mainlybecauseofaboomingtradeintwoimportantagriculturalproducts:grainandcotton.GrainoutputintheeasternpartofAmericaincreasedquicklyatthattimeduetotherapidlygrowingpopulationandthelargenumberofimmigrantsfromEurope.Asaresult,thedemandforgrainalmostdoubled.PartAPartBScriptForthisreason,thetradeingrainfirstdevelopedinthispartofthecountry.Atthesametime,theroadsystemwasgraduallybuiltupinordertotransportthegrainfromtheruralareastovariouscities.Theroadbuildingclearlyhelpeddeveloptheeconomyquicklyintheseareasandinthecitiesaswell.Duringthesameperiod,farmersintheSouthcouldgetalargeamountoflaborersfromAfrica,andtheystartedtogrowcotton.Asthecottonoutputincreased,thefarmersneededtosellitinotherplaces.Asaresult,manyroadswerebuilttolinktheruralareastothecities.PartAPartBScriptAtfirst,thistradeofgrainandcottontookplacealongthecoast,ornearriversandlakes.Ittookplacetherebecauseitwaseasyandcheaptotransportgoodsfromoneplacetoanother.Before1700,itwasveryexpensivetomovethegoodsbyroad.So,farmershadtorelymainlyonriverstomovetheircropstomarkets.Atthattime,therewasonlyonecontinuousroadthatexistedintheUS.Itranfromnorthtosouthalongcountryroads,whichwerelinkedtogethertomakeonelongroad.Withinashorttime,thefirsteast-to-westroadswerebuilt.Theywerecalledturnpikes.Privatecompaniesbuilttheseroadsandcollectedfeesfromallvehiclesthattraveledonthem.PartAPartBScriptEventually,becauseoftheboomingtradeofgrainandcotton,anetworkofroadwayswascompletedthatconnectedsomemajorcitiesandtowns.Althoughtravelingwasstillcostlyforfarmers,they