本算例来自于:书名特种结构作者黄太华袁健成洁筠出版社中国电力出版社书号5083-8990-5丛书普通高等教育“十一五”规划教材扶壁式挡土墙算例某工程要求挡土高度为8.3m,墙后地面均布荷载标准值按210/kqkNm=考虑,墙后填土为砂类土,填土的内摩擦角标准值35kj=o,填土重度318/mkNmg=,墙后填土水平,无地下水。地基为粘性土,孔隙比0.786e=,液性指数0.245LI=,地基承载力特征值230akfkPa=,地基土重度318.5/kNmg=。根据挡土墙所处的地理位置及墙高等因素综合考虑,选择采用扶壁式挡土墙,挡土墙安全等级为二级,试设计该挡土墙。解:0.2450.25LI=属坚硬粘性土,土对挡土墙基底的摩擦系数(0.35,0.45)mÎ,取0.35m=。查规范得0.3bh=、1.6dh=。1)主要尺寸的拟定为保证基础埋深大于0.5m,取d=0.7m,挡土墙总高H=8.3m+d=9m。两扶壁净距nl取挡墙高度的1/3~1/4,可取3.00~2.25nlm=,取3.00nlm=。用墙踵的竖直面作为假想墙背,计算得主动土压力系数根据抗滑移稳定要求,按式(3-6)计算得:22231.3(0.5)1.3(1090.5189)0.2714.79()0.35(10189)kakqHHKBBqHgmg+´´+´´´+³==++´,取234.80BBm+=,其中B2=0.30m,B3=4.50m。22(0.5)(1090.5189)0.271221.95axkaEqHHKkNg=+=´+´´´=mz165.39918219103999182129910=´´´+´´´´´+´´=271.0)23545(tan)245(tan22=°-°=-°=kaKj()()123231.61()21.6221.953.16514.81.0404.8(10189)2axkEzBBBBBqHmg³-+++´´=-´=-´+´计算结果为负数说明若仅为了保证稳定性的要求不需设置墙趾板,但为了减少墙踵板配筋及使地基反力趋于均匀,取B1=0.60m。1230.60.34.55.4BBBBm=++=++=。BC图3.1挡土墙基本尺寸2)土压力计算由于填土表面水平,第一破裂面与铅垂面夹角35454527.522kijq°=°-=°-=°;第二破裂面与铅垂面的夹角°=°-°=-°=5.2723545245kija。墙顶A与墙踵C连线AC与铅垂面的夹角4.5arctan27.358.7a==°因为27.3527.5iaa=°=°,因此,不会在土体中出现第二破裂面,AC连线为实际破裂面。按库伦理论计算土压力。27.35a=°,°==35kjd,°=0b。222222cos()sin()sin()coscos()1cos()cos()cos(3527.35)sin(3535)sin(350)cos27.35cos(3527.35)1cos(3527.35)cos(27.350)0.584kakkKjadjjbadadaab-=éù+-×++êú+-ëû°-°=éù°+°°-°°×°+°+êú°+°°-°ëû=22111090.5841890.584478.322akaaEqHKHKkNg=+=´´+´´´=cos()478.3cos(3527.35)220.0axaEEkNda=×+=´°+°=2219191091892232230.5843.165478.3kfaaHHqHHzKmEg×+×´´+´´´=´=´=sin()478.3sin(3527.35)423.7azaEEkNda=×+=´°+°=5.43.165tan27.353.76fxm=-´°=3)自重与填土重力a、立板+底板自重钢筋混凝土标准重度3/25mkNc=g,其自重为:b.填土重及地面均布荷载总量墙身自重计算时,扶壁自重按填土计算,另墙趾上少量填土重量略去不计导致各项验算稍偏安全。4)抗倾覆稳定验算稳定力矩:倾覆力矩:满足抗倾覆稳定性要求。5)抗滑移稳定性竖向力之和:1(0.35.40.38.7)25105.8KGkN=´+´´=15.40.30.35.40.38.7(0.6)221.500.35.40.38.7xm´´+´´+==´+´231114.58.718352.422KGBHkNg==´´´=24.50.60.32.43xm=++=fazkkzkxExGxGM++=2211105.81.5352.42.4+423.73.76=´+´´2597.6kNm=×faxqkzEM=220.03.165702.6kNm=´=×2597.63.71.6702.6zklqkMKM===12105.8352.4+423.7881.9kNmkkazNGGE=++=+=×å抗滑力:881.90.35308.7NkNm=´=å滑移力:220.0axEkN=308.71.391.3220.0saxNKEm===å满足抗滑移稳定性要求。6)地基承载力验算按正常使用极限状态下荷载效应的标准组合,各分项系数取1.0。欲求基底偏心距e,先计算总竖向力到墙趾的距离:地基承载力修正值计算:地基压力计算:由于/30eb,则max1.2kapf时必然满足kapf。7)结构设计采用C25混凝土和HRB335级钢筋,2/9.11mmNfc=,2/27.1mmNft=,2/300mmNfy=。⑴立板设计a.土压力计算立板荷载均考虑墙后静止土压力。由于土体不存在滑动趋势,且墙面光滑,则静止土压力为水平方向。2597.6702.62.15881.9zkqkMMamN--===å05.40.182.150.550.9030226BBBmeamm==-=-==0max61kNepBBæö=+ç÷èøå881.960.551263.11.21.2249.1298.95.45.4akPafkPa´æö=+==´=ç÷èø()()(3)(0.5)2300.318.55.431.6180.70.5249.1aakbdmffbdkPahghg=+-+-=+´´-+´´-=bcd3.1m3.6me20010(1sin35)100.4264.26/akqKkNms==´-°=´=2010()(10188.7)0.42670.97/bkqHKkNmsg=+=+´´=图3.2立板荷载图b.将立板划分为上、下两部分,在离底板顶面1.5Ln=1.5×3.00=4.50m高度以下的立板,可视为三边固定一边自由的双向板;离底板顶面4500mm高度以上的部分视为沿高度方向划分为单位高的水平板带,以扶壁为支撑,按水平单向连续板计算。现以距墙底4.5~5.5m(即距墙顶4.2~3.2m)区间的立板为例进行计算。距离墙顶0~3.2m区间的立板计算可参照进行。对于砂性土01sin1sin350.426kKj=-=-°=200()(10183.7)0.42632.63/kqzKkNmsg=+=+´´=22032.633.014.682020nlMkNms´===×中6201.351.3514.6810282.40.90.9300(30040)syMAmmfh´´===´´-中中s0282.40.11%0.79%b1000(30040)Ahr=-==´-中中,简化公式适用min1.27max{0.450.450.00190.002}0.2%300tyffrr==´==中,取min0.2%rr==中,200.0021000260520sAbhmmr==´´=中选用12@2002565sAmm=220n32.633.024.471212lMkNms´=-=-=-×支622min01.351.3524.4710470.65200.90.9300(30040)ssyMAmmAmmfh´´====´´-支支,取2min520ssAAmm==由于计算的配筋低于最小配筋,故简化公式适用。选用12@2002565sAmm=0n32.633.048.922lVkNs´===1.351.3548.966.1VkN=´=300.70.71.271000260231.110231.11.35tfbhNkNV=´´´=´=混凝土的抗剪能力满足要求,不需配置腹筋。U型筋计算321.3566.110220.3300syVAmmf´===上式计算出的sA为每延米单肢U型筋的截面积。配10@250,2314sAmm=的U型筋,开口方向朝向墙背,水平放置。距墙底0~4.5m(即距墙顶8.7~4.2m)区间按三边固定,上边缘自由的矩形板计算。b20()(10184.2)0.42636.5/kqzKkNmg+=+´´=210()(10188.7)0.42671.0/kqHKkNmg+=+´´=图3.3立板较下部分荷载图可将荷载简化为一三角形荷载和一矩形荷载的叠加,查表计算。取2min520sxsAAmm==,由于计算的配筋低于最小配筋,故简化公式适用。选用12@2002565sxAmm=取2min520sysAAmm==,由于计算的配筋低于最小配筋,故简化公式适用。选用12@2002565syAmm=,简化公式适用选用12@15002754sxAmm=。220.038436.53.00.0184(71.036.5)3.018.3xMkNm=´´+´-´=×622min01.351.3518.310352.55200.90.9300260xsxsyMAmmAmmfh´´====´´220.011336.53.00.0071(71.036.5)3.05.9yMkNm=´´+´-´=×622min01.351.355.910113.85200.90.9300260ysysyMAmmAmmfh´´====´´0220.079436.53.00.0387(71.036.5)3.038.1xMkNm=-´´-´-´=-×06022min01.351.3538.110732.75200.90.9300260xsxsyMAmmAmmfh´´====´´000732.70.28%0.79%b1000(30040)sxxAhr===´-s0609.20.17%0.79%b1000(40045)Ahr===´-同理,可计算0yM、0xzM、0xM及其对应的0syA、0sxzA、0sxA,配筋最大值应为02732.7sxAmm=,其他配筋均小于最小配筋率。⑵底板设计图3.4底板基底应力分布图a.墙趾板端部弯矩与剪力按式(3-15):,简化公式适用。选用12@1802628sAmm=。按式(3-13):13111()2263.1240.9250.40018(0.7000.400)0.62142.0cppVhdhBkNgg+éù=---×êúëû+éù=-´-´-´êúëû=1.351.35142.0191.6VkN=´=300.70.71.271000355315.610315.6tfbhNkN=´´´=´=01.350.7tVfbh,板厚满足抗剪要求。b.墙踵板计算,按三边固定,一边自由的双向板计算。3p21max263.1/kppkNm==2min2881.960.55(1)5.45.463.5/kppkNm´==´-=4p4.2212311263.163.5263.10.6240.9/5.4ppppBkNmB--=-´=-´=2124112263.163.5()263.10.9229.8/5.4ppppBBkNmB--=-´+=-´=[][]21131121233()610.62263.1240.93250.400318(0.7000.400)643.3cMBpphdhkNmgg=+---=´´+-´´-´´-=×6201.351.3543.310609.20.90.9300(40045)syMAmmfh´´===´´-5.14.10.32.43==nlB图3.5墙踵板荷载计算图可简化为一个矩形荷载和一个三角形荷载,计算方法类似于立板的距墙底0~4.5m(即距墙顶8.7~