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替代词one,ones,that,those,it,this,that1)one,ones,that,thoseThat替换单数可数名词或不可数名词；one只替换单数的可数名词。Eg:Thevaseontheleftismorebeautifulthan__________ontheright.ThecoffeeproducedinBrazilismorefamousthan__________inMexico.theonethatThat只用于替换表示事物的名词，而one/ones替换表示人和表示事物的名词皆可。Eg:Hisyoungersisteristallerthantheelder___.Ineedtheplasticbags,notthepaper______.oneonesThat/those一般不带前置定语，但必须有后置定语。One/ones都可。当替换词的后置定语用所有格的of短语或当替换词被所有格修饰时，不用one/ones而用thatof/thoseof.Eg:Ilikethevasebetterthan________________inanothershop.Thewindowsofyourflatarecleanerthan_________ofmine.Agrandparent’sjobiseasierthan________ofaparent.ThecomputersinourschoolareconnectedtotheInternetwhile__________intheirschoolaren’t.theone/thatthosethatthoseThat/those用于替换有定冠词的名词；one/ones用于替换有不定冠词的名词。Eg:Thestyleofthebuildingissimilarto_________ofatemple.ACDplayermadeinJapancostsmorethan________madeinChina.thatone2)it,this和that都可以替代前文已提到的事或情况，细微差别在于it不如其余两者那么强调。Eg:Soshedecidedtopaintthedoorpink.______upsettheneighboursabit.Soshedecidedtopaintthehousepink._____reallyupsettheneighbours.ItThat当前面提到的事物不止一件时，it通常指最先提到的事物，而this/that是指最后提到的事物。Eg:Wekeeptheicecreammachineinthespareroom.________ismainlyusedbythechildren.(指themachine)Wekeeptheicecreammachineinthespareroom.____________ismainlyusedbythechildren.(指thespareroom)ItThis/ThatThis可以出现在它所指代的事物之前；而that则指上文所提到的事物。Eg:Listento________!Wewillhavethreedaysoff.“Apennysavedisapennyearned.”Whosaid_________?thisthatEg:IboughtadictionarythreeyearsagoandIamstillusing______now.IboughtadictionarythreeyearsagobutIamgoingtobuyanew_______soon.It用以指特定的前面提到过的事物，即：it和它替换的是同一个事物，it前无修饰语；而one用于替换与前提事物有共同之处但并不完全一样的事物，因此，one之前或之后一定有修饰语来加以区别。3)It和oneitoneIt引起的几个易混淆的时间句型It+be+时间+since-clause这个句型表示从since从句谓语动作发生以后到现在或过去所经过的一段时间，意为“自从......以来已多久了”Itisthreeyearssincehisfatherpassedaway.It+be+时间+before-clause这个句型中的时间一般为表示一段时间的词语(如：alongtime,months,weeks,days,hours,minutes)，主句中的谓语动词用肯定式，意为“过多长时间才......”。主句的谓语动词是否定式时，意为“没过多长时间就......”。主句的时态可用过去时was或将来时willbe；用was时，before从句的动词用一般过去时；用willbe时，before从句常用一般现在时。她没过多久就背会了那些诗歌。Itwas_______________shelearnedthosepoemsbyheart.过了很久警察才来。Itwas______________thepolicearrived.要过好几个小时他才会作出决定。It__________hoursbeforehemakesadecision.要不了几个小时我们还会再见面的。__________________beforemeetagain.notlongbeforelongbeforewillbeItwillnotbehours3.It+be+时间+when-clause这个句型中,it指时间，而且表示时间的词语前没有介词(时间一般为具体时间)。主句中的谓语动词和从句中的谓语动词在时态上一般是一致的，主句是willbe，when从句用一般现在时代替将来时。Itwasalready8o‘clockwhenwegothome.Itwasthenextmorningwhenwefinishedourwork.Itwillbemidnightwhentheygetthere.It+be+时间+that-clause这个句型是个强调句型。例如：Itwastwoyearsagothathemadeanimportantinvention.(原句是：__________________________________)Itwasat5o’clockthathepractisedplayingtheviolininthemorning.(原句是：________________________________)比较：Itwas5o’clockwhenhestartedinthemorning.(5o‘clock前没有介词，这是个定语从句)Hemadeanimportantinventiontwoyearsago.Hepractisedplayingtheviolinat5o‘clockinthemorning.•It+be+time+that-clause这个句型属虚拟语气结构，不管主句中用的是is或was，that从句都须用动词的过去式或should+动词原型(但不及用过去式普通)，在time之前有时可加上high或about以加强语气。例如：Itistime(that)wehandedinourexercises.(=Itistimethatweshouldhandinourexercises.)Itishightime(that)shewrotealettertoherboyfriend.•It/This/That+thefirst(second,third…)time+that-clause这个句型表示截止到说话时为止的某人的一种经历，关键是注意time前有序数词，主句是is时，从句要用现在完成时；如果主句用一般过去时was，则从句须相应地用过去完成时。例如：Thisisthefirsttime(that)theseEuropeans____________theGreatWall.Itwasthefifthtime(that)I___________afriendlyvisittoAfrica.hadpaidhavevisitedThere起始的句型归纳：1）therelive/stand/lie/exist…Therelayaditchtwometreswideahead.2)Therecome/go/appear/occur/follow…用于描述某事的发生或某个动作的开始。Eg:Therewillfollowabreakof10minutesandthenwewillgoonwiththelecture.3)Therebeing…（独立主格结构）Eg:Therebeingnothingleftinthefridge,wehadtodosomeshoppingfirst.4)…theretobe结构常见于动词intend,mean,consider,hate,want等词后。Eg:Noonewouldexpecttheretobeawarinhiscountry.Idon’twanttheretobeanotheraccidentlikethis.结构：It+动词be+强调部分+who(whom)/that+其他部分it可以用来对句子的某一成分加以强调。It用于强调句Eg:NancysawyoursisterinTokyolastweek.ItwasNancywhosawyoursisterinTokyolastweek.ItwasyoursisterwhomNancysawinTokyolastweek.ItwasinTokyothatNancysawyoursisterlastweek.ItwaslastweekthatNancysawyoursisterinTokyo.有些否定句也可以改成这种强调结构：Itwasn’tuntillastsummerthatIheardfromher.Ididn’tdoallthisformyself.Itwasn’tformyselfthatIdidallthis.问句也可变成这种结构：Whocalledhim“comrade”?Whowasitthatcalledhim“comrade”?Howdidyouforgettolockthedoor?Howwasitthatyouforgottolockthedoor?Ex:把下列句子改为强调句：1.Tombrokethewindowlastnight.2.Theywantmoney.3.Petersawhisfriendintheparkyesterday.4.Ididn’thaveanopportunityofseeingheragainforseveralyears.5.WhydoeseveryonethinkI’mnarrow-minded?6.Ididn’treceivemyletteruntilyesterday?7.DidDickcallthemeetinglastweek?8.Didithappenin1980?1.Tom‘smotherkepttellinghimthatheshouldworkharder,but___didn’thelp.A.heB.whichC.sheD.it1.As___happens,Ihavebroughtmyumbrellawithme.A.itB.thisC.thatD.such3.___hasalreadybeenpointedout,grammarisnotasetofdeadrules.A.AsB.ItC.ThatD.This4.Itwassevenforty-five___hefinishedthework.A.whenB.thatC.whenD.beforeDAAA5.Wasitbecauseitsnowedlastnight___hedidn‘tcome?A.whyB.thatC.whenD.which6.Does___matterifhecan’tfinishthejobo