英国文学现代主义和后现代主义

Modernism&Postmodernismliterature王潇潇20王梦雅23徐艳艳24Outline1.Definition2.Background3.Characteristics4.Mainwriters5.InfluenceModernismModernismisaphilosophicalmovementinthearts,thatalongwithculturaltrendsandchanges,arosefromwide-scaleandfar-reachingtransformationsinWesternsocietyinthelate19thandearly20thcenturies.AmongthefactorsthatshapedModernismwasthedevelopmentofmodernindustrialsocietiesandtherapidgrowthofcities,followedthenbythehorrorofWorldWarI.ModernismalsorejectedthecertaintyofEnlightenmentthinking,andmanymodernistsrejectedreligiousbelief.DefinitionModernismisaveryvagueandconfusingterm.Inliterature,itincludesvariousmodernschoolssuchasimagism,cubism（立体主义）,surrealism（超现实主义),symbolism,expressionism,dadaism（达达主义）,streamofconsciousness（意识流）andexistentialism（存在主义）.DefinitionBackgroundTheinfluencesofthetwoWorldWarsonBritainThecatastrophicFirstWorldWartremendouslyweakenedtheBritishEmpireandbroughtaboutgreatsufferingstoitspeopleaswell.ThepostwareconomicdislocationandspiritualdisillusionproducedaprofoundimpactupontheBritishpeople,whocametoseetheprevalentwretchednessincapitalism.TheSecondWorldWarmarkedthelaststageofthedisintegrationoftheBritishEmpire.Britainsufferedheavylossesinthewar:thousandsofpeoplewerekilled;theeconomywasruined;andalmostallitsformercolonieswerelost.Theoncesun-never-setEmpirefinallycollapsed.Characteristics1.usesimages(wordpictures)andsymbolsastypicalandfrequentliterarytechniques2.usescolloquiallanguageratherthanformallanguageage3.useslanguageasaspecialmediumthatinfluenceswhatthatpieceofliteraturecandoorcanbesawthepieceofliteratureasanobjectcraftedbyanartistusingparticulartechniques,crafts,skills(recallhowtheRomanticsthoughtthepieceofliteraturewasaworkofgeniusthatsomehowappearsfull-blownfromtheimaginationofthegenius).Form,style,andtechniquethusbecomeasimportant--ifnotmoreso--thancontentorsubstance.Characteristics4.useslanguageinaveryself-consciousway,seeinglanguageasatechniqueforcraftingthepieceofliteraturejustasanartistcraftsapieceofartlikeasculptureorapainting.5.often,theintentionofwritersintheModernperiodistochangethewayreadersseetheworldandtochangeourunderstandingofwhatlanguageisanddoes.GeorgeBernardShaw(1856-1950)乔治.萧伯纳JohnGalsworthy(1867-1933)约翰.高尔斯华绥WilliamButlerYeats(1865-1939)威廉.巴特勒.叶芝T.S.Eliot(1888-1965)乔治.艾略特D.H.Larence(1885-1930)戴维.伯特.劳伦斯VirginiaWoolf(1882-1941)弗吉尼亚.伍尔芙MainwritersInfluenceTheliteratureofthemodernperiodhasitrootsintheliteratureofEuropeandgrowsoutofareactiontoRealismandNaturalism.AsareactionagainstRealismandNaturalism,somecriticsseeinModernismatleastfour“isms”orliterarymovementsthatmakeuptheliteratureoftheModernera:impressionism（印象主义）,expressionism,surrealism,andnihilism（虚无主义）.Outline1.Definition2.Schools3.Characteristics4.MainwritersPostModernismPostmodernliteratureischaracterizedbyheavyrelianceontechniqueslikefragmentation,paradox,andquestionablenarrators,andisoftendefinedasastyleortrendwhichemergedinthepost–WorldWarIIera.PostmodernworksareseenasareactionagainstEnlightenmentthinkingandModernistapproachestoliterature.DefinitionSchoolsTheTheatreoftheAbsurd(荒诞派戏剧)(French:Théâtredel'Absurde)isadesignationforparticularplaysofabsurdistfictionwrittenbyanumberofprimarilyEuropeanplaywrightsinthelate1950s,aswellasoneforthestyleoftheatrewhichhasevolvedfromtheirwork.Theirworkexpressedthebeliefthathumanexistencehasnomeaningorpurposeandthereforeallcommunicationbreaksdown.Logicalconstructionandargumentgiveswaytoirrationalandillogicalspeechandtoitsultimateconclusion,silence.SchoolsThenouveauroman(新小说)(Frenchpronunciation:​[nuvoʁɔmɑ̃],newnovel)isatypeof1950sFrenchnovelthatdivergedfromclassicalliterarygenres.ÉmileHenriotcoinedthetitleinanarticleinthepopularFrenchnewspaperLeMondeonMay22,1957[citationneeded]todescribecertainwriterswhoexperimentedwithstyleineachnovel,creatinganessentiallynewstyleeachtime.SchoolsTheBeatGeneration(垮掉的一代)wasagroupofAmericanpost-WorldWarIIwriterswhocametoprominenceinthe1950s,aswellastheculturalphenomenathattheybothdocumentedandinspired.CentralelementsofBeatcultureincludedrejectionofreceivedstandards,innovationsinstyle,experimentationwithdrugs,alternativesexualities,aninterestinEasternreligion,arejectionofmaterialism,andexplicitportrayalsofthehumancondition.SchoolsAblackcomedy(ordarkcomedy)(黑色幽默文学)isacomicworkthatemploysblackhumor,which,initsmostbasicdefinition,ishumorthatmakeslightofotherwiseserioussubjectmatter.Blackhumorcorrespondstotheearlierconceptofgallowshumor.SchoolsMagicrealismormagicalrealism(魔幻现实主义)isagenrewheremagicelementsareanaturalpartinanotherwisemundane,realisticenvironment.Althoughitismostcommonlyusedasaliterarygenre,magicrealismalsoappliestofilmandthevisualarts.Characteristics1.WhereasModernismplacesfaithintheideas,values,beliefs,culture,andnormsoftheWest,PostmodernismrejectsWesternvaluesandbeliefsasonlyasmallpartofthehumanexperienceandoftenrejectssuchideas,beliefs,culture,andnorms.2.WhereasModernismattemptstorevealprofoundtruthsofexperienceandlife,PostmodernismissuspiciousofbeingprofoundbecausesuchideasarebasedononeparticularWesternvaluesys