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英国文学选读OfStudiesP181.Wearenowlivingintheageof“informationexplosion”.WhatlessonscanwelearnfromBacon’sofstudiesinouraccesstoinformation?Ourplanetisdevelopingforward.Thefast-movingdevelopmentofscienceandtechnologymakesitmoreconvenientforstudentstogetsufficientandeffectiveinformationbycountlessways.Thatistheexternalconditionforourstudy,whichwecanappropriatelymakefulluseof.Butwhatwehavetokeepinmindisthattheeternalmasterofstudyisnoonebutourselvesintheprocessofstudying.2.Inwhatsensedoesreadingmakeafullman?Readingmakesafullman.Historiesmakemenwise,poets,witty;themathematics,subtle;naturalphilosophy,deep;moral,grave;logicandrhetoric,abletocontend.Readinghistoriesmakespeoplelearnlessonsfromtheancienttime,avoidmakingthesamemistakesandpredictthedevelopmentofthings.Peoplewhoreadhistorieswillbewiserthanthesewhojustactaccordingtotheirownpreferenceswithoutlearningfromhistories.Readingpoemsmakespeoplelearnthebeautyoflanguage,thebeautifulclassicalstyleofartandliveapoeticlife.Peoplewhoreadpoemswillbewittierthanthesewhohaven’tfeelthebeautifulmoodandpurelife.Readingmathematicsmakespeoplefocusontheaccuratecalculation,developascientificattitude,andformapragmaticspirit.Peoplewhoreadmathematicswillbemoresubtletoconsiderthingsfromallaspectsanddothingsfromthedropcarefullythanthesewhodon’tread.Readingnaturalphilosophymakespeoplepursuetruth,exploretheunknownmystery,andpracticeactively.Peoplewhoreadnaturalphilosophywillbedeeperthanthesewhodon’tlearnthetheoryofreflectingthetruth.Readingmoralmakespeoplelearnthewayofharmonyliving,formtheprincipleofethicalbehaviorsanddevelopcorrectoutlooksonvalues.Peoplewhoreadmoralwillbegraverthanthesewhobehavewithoutcorrectprinciplesandcan’tdealwithdifferentrelationships.Readinglogicmakespeoplemastertherulesofthinking,dealingwithdifferentthingsandexploringobjectivereality.Peoplewhoreadlogicwillbemorecontendtohaveclearideas,matertheprinciplesofobjectivetruththanthesewhodon’tactaccordingtorules.Differentkindsofreadingmaterialsplaydifferentrolesinmakingafullman.Peopleshouldgetintodifferentreadingfieldsandtrainthemselvestobecomeacomprehensivetalent.Readingwilldogoodtoone’sphysicalhealthaccordingtosomereadingmaterialsofphysicaltraining.What’smoreimportant,readingpromotesthedevelopmentoflogicthinkingandmorality.Peoplecanbecalledafullmanonconditionthattheyhavefinequality,delicateself-cultivationandstrictmorality.Trytoreadextensivelyandbecomeafullman.Poems:HamletP81.Whyissleepsofrightening,accordingtoHamlet,sinceitcan“end”theheartacheandthethousandnaturalshocks”?Nobodycanpredictwhathewilldreamofafterhefallsasleep.Deathmeanstheendoflife,youmaygotoorunknownworldandyoucan’tcomeback,.Ifhedies,Hamlet'scan'trealizehiswill.Though“sleep”canendtheheartacheandthethousandnaturalshocks,itisastateofmind.Hamletdidn’tknowatall.Heisfrightenedbythepossiblesufferinginthelong“dream”.Hecan’tpredictwhatwillhappeninthesleep,maybegoodmaybeevil.2.Whywouldpeopleratherbearallthesufferingsoftheworldinsteadofchoosingdeathtogetridofthem,accordingtoHamlet?Deathissomysteriousthatnobodyknowswhatdeathwillbringtous.Maybebittersufferings,greatpains,heartbreakingstories…Becausepeopleholdthesameideatogruntandsweatunderawearylife,butthatthedreadofsomethingafterdeath-theundiscover’dcountry,formwhosebournnotravelerreturns-puzzlethewill,andmakeusratherbearthoseillswehavethanflytoothersthatweknownotof?”Peoplealsoarefrightenedbythemythsinanotherworldafterdeath.3.What,afterall,makespeoplelosetheirdeterminationtotakeaction?Pleaseexplaininrelationtotheso-calledhesitationofHamlet.Conscienceandover-considerations.Hewantstorevenge,butdoesn’tknowhow.Hewantstokillhisuncle,butfindsittoorisky.Helivesindespairandwantstocommitsuicide.However,heknowsifhedies,nobodywillcomforthisfather’sghost.Heisinfaceofgreatdilemma.Theydon’tknowtheresultaftertheirtakingtheaction.SuchasHamlet,hedoesn’tknowwhatwouldhappenifhekillshisuncleorkillshimself.SoHamletwashesitated.Sonnet18P131.Howdoesthepoetanswerthequestionheputsforthinthefirstline?(Page14)Thepoetopenswithaquestionthatisaddressedtothebeloved,ShallIcomparetheetoasummer'sday?Thisquestioniscomparing“thee”tothesummertimeoftheyear.Itisduringthistimewhentheflowersareblooming,treesarefullofleaves,theweatheriswarm,anditisgenerallyconsideredasanenjoyabletimeduringtheyear.Thefollowingelevenlinesinthepoemarealsodedicatedtosimilarcomparisonsbetweenthebelovedandsummerdays.Inlines2and3,thespeakerexplainswhatmainlyseparatestheyoungwomanfromthesummer'sday:sheismorelovelyandmoretemperate.(Line2)Summerdaysaresometimesshakenbyroughwinds(line3)whichhappensandisnotalwaysaswelcomingasthewoman.Howeverinline4,thepoetgivesthefeelingagainthatthesummermonthsareoftentooshortbysaying,Andsummerleasehathtooshortadate.Inthesummerdays,thesun,theeyeofheaven(line5),oftenshinestoohot,ortoodim,hisgoldcomplexiondimmed(line6)aseveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines.(Line7)Thefinalportionofthesonnettellshowthebeloveddiffersfromthesummerinvariousaspects.Herbeautywillbeonethatlastsforever,Thyeternalsummershallnotfade.(Line9),andneverendordie.Atlasttwolines,thepoetexplain