Economic history of China SecondWeekSummary

SECONDWEEKSUMMARYTheSongRevolutionECON0605/ECON2273ECONOMICHISTORYOFCHINASecondSemester2015-2016Dr.PatrickLeungMAJORTURNINGPOINTSINCHINESEHISTORYQinDynasty(221BCE–206BCE)FeudalPeriodUnifiedEmpireSongDynasty(960CE–1279CE)AristocraticEmpireBureaucraticEmpireEndofQingDynastytothePresent(1911CE–)DynasticPeriodModernChinaPERIODSOFUNIFICATIONANDFRAGMENTATIONINCHINESEHISTORY200BCE–950CE(approximateyears)200BCE—200CE400YUnification(Qin-HanEmpire)200CE—600CE400YFragmentation(3Kingdoms,N/SDynasties)600BCE—900CE300YUnification(Sui-TangEmpire)(150Y)PartialFragmentation(750CE-900CE)900BCE—950CE50YFragmentation(5Dynasties,10Kingdoms)PeriodsofUnification:700outof1150Years61%(550)(48%)FRAGMENTATIONPERIODSSINCETHEYUANDYNASTYYuan-MingTransition20Y(1350-1370)Ming-QingTransition17Y(1644-1661)Qing-PRCTransition38Y(1911-1949)PeriodsofUnification:660outof735Years(1279-2014)90%WARRING-STATESPERIODSINCHINESEHISTORY221BCE–220CEQin,WesternHan,EasternHan（秦，西漢，東漢）220CE–589CEThreeKingdoms,WestandEastJin,NorthernandSouthernDynasties（三國，西晉，東晉，南北朝）589CE–907CESuiandTangDynasties（隋，唐）907CE–960CEFiveDynasties,TenKingdoms（五代十國）960CE–1276CESong,Liao,Jin,XiXia,Yuan（宋，遼，金，西夏，元）1276CE–1368CEYuan（元）1368CE–1644CEMing（明）1644CE–1911CEQing（清）770BCE–221BCESpringandAutumnPeriod,‘WarringStates’Period（春秋戰國時代）1840CE–ModernEraFIRSTWARRINGSTATESPERIODSECONDWARRINGSTATESPERIODTHIRDWARRINGSTATESPERIODFOURTHWARRINGSTATESPERIODAPoliticalUnitwillexpandinSize(ColumbusianGrowth)becauseofitssuperiorityoveritsneighborsin:-abilitytoorganizeeffectively(ideology,literacy,legitimacy);-laborproductivity,allowingforthemaintenanceofalargernon-productivemilitaryandadministrativeestablishment;-weapons,tacticsanddiscipline;-availableresources.EmpirestendtoexpanduntiltheirsuperiorityovertheirneighborsiscounterbalancedbytheBurdenofSize(growingadministrativeanddefensecosts)EXPERIENCEOFROME&CHINA’SHAN/TANGEMPIRESCitizenSoldiersProfessionalArmyBarbarianTroopsReliedonDiplomacy,BriberyandSettlementwithinEmpiretodealwithbarbarianneighborsTotalorpartialcollapseofEmpireIMPERIALOVERSTRETCH-PaulKennedy,TheRiseandFalloftheGreatPowersSONG(宋)ECONOMICANDTECHNOLGICALREVOLUTIONREDUCEDBURDENOFADMINISTRATION-theCivilExaminationSystemandGovernmentbureaucratization-ManorialSystemfacilitatedthecontrolofpopulationINCREASEDEFFICIENCYOFWARMACHINECREATEDECONOMICINTEGRATIONMANORIALISMWITHOUTFEUDALISM-centralgovernmentretainedcontrolofarmy-bureaucratizationofthearmy-freeingofslaveswhobecametenantserfs-localadministrationentrustedto5,25,250householdgroupsledbythewealthiestmembersDifferencesbetweenSongManorialismandEuropeanFeudalism•Manorshadnomilitaryrole,butcontrolledlocalmilitia.•Manorialjusticewasnotlegallyrecognizedintheorybutnotnecessarilyinpractice.•Landwasfreelyboughtandsold.•Landwasnothelduponconditionofservicesrenderedtothestate.OutputofpigironincreasedseveraltimesbetweenTangandSong.CoalreplacedwoodasthefuelusedintheironfurnacesasforestsweredepletedinNorthChinaduringtheTangera.INCREASEDEFFICIENCYOFMILITARYMACHINESongusedamildvarietyofgunpowder–firedrug(火藥/轟天雷)ormilitaryfireworksandwitnessedthedevelopmentofguns.Thepigironmadepossibletheproductionofahugenumberandvarietyofsuperiorironweapons.FOURMAINREASONSBEHINDSONGMILITARYWEAKNESSTransferofmilitarytechnologiestonorthernneighborsLossofstrategicareainthenorthShortageofhorsesArmybureaucratizationECONOMICINTEGRATIONFIVEDYNASTIESPERIOD(五代時期)SouthernTang(南唐)SaltChu(楚)TeaNorthChinaAGRICULTURALPROGRESSINTHESONGERA-spreadofwetfieldricecultivationinthesouth-introductionofnewseedsfromforeignlands(NewricevarietiesfromSoutheastAsia(eg.Champarice[占城稻])–grownonpoorersoil,droughtresistant,ripenedfaster???)-advancesinirrigationtechniques-newtoolsandfertilizers(manure,rivermud,lime)-moreefficienttransportationsystem-existenceofaunifiedempirefacilitatedthespreadofthebestpracticesofsouthernJiangsuandZhejiangtotheentireempire-growingmarketforgrainstimulatedtheuseofbettertechniquesbymanorownersandthespecializationincrops(eg.tea,oranges,lychees)-inventionofprintingcontributedtothespreadofknowledge-amoreintegratedmarketnetwork,moneyrentsbecomingmorecommonNEWSEEDSMultiple(double&triple)cropping–rice-rice,rice-wheat,wheat-beansetc.,manyvarietiesofrice,someearlyripening,otherslateripeningIntercropping–mulberrytreesandbeans/vegetablesWATERMANAGEMENTReclamationofthecoast,polders,tanksforrainwaterstorageinmountainousregions,damsingorges;devicesformovingwater(pumps,noria(waterwheel))morewidespread.LANDTRANSPORTIncreaseinthenumberandimprovementinthequalityofroadsandbridges–madepossiblethedevelopmentofaregulargovernmentpostalservice.OCEANTRANSPORTTang–ChineseshipstraveledtoJapanandKoreaonly;ChinadependedonSEAsian,PersianandArabshipsfortradewithSEAsiaandIndiaSong–Chinesejunksbecamealotmoresophisticated;ChinesevesselstraveledfromJapantoArabiausingthemariner’scompass,starchartsandnavigatormanualsNingpotoShandong:3daysFujiantoKorea:5–20daysRIVERANDCANALTRANSPORT–providedthegreatestimpetusforeconomicgrowthPropulsionmethodsusedincludedsails,haulingandpoling,varietyofoarsandsculls,padd