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英汉翻译理论与实践第3章归化与异化ForeignizingTranslationandDomesticatingTranslation1.Lead-in(1)“theMilkyWay”——牛奶路(2)“拂袖而去”totranslatethewesternerswhoareangryQuestions:–DotheChinesereadersunderstandwhat“牛奶路”refersto?–Isitappropriatetosay“詹姆士先生气得拂袖而去”inthetranslatedversionofaforeignnovel?culturalinformation:(1)theGalaxy(2)intheGreekmythology:thewayfromthehumanworldtoZeus’palaceformedbythemilkdrippingfromHera’sbreastwhenshefedherbabysuitswallow-tailcoattraditionalChineseclothing•MoreExamples•YangXianyi’str.of《红楼梦》•谋事在人，成事在天。•Manproposes,Heavendisposes.•世人都晓神仙好。•Allmenlongtobeimmortals.•retainingtheoriginalforeignness;source-oriented•Hawkes’tr.of《红楼梦》•Manproposes,Goddisposes.•Allmenknowthatsalvationshouldbewon.Questions1whatisforeignization?2whatisdomestication?3differencesbetweenliteraltr.vs.freetr.andforeignizaitionvs.domestication4caseanalysis*LawrenceVenuti（劳伦斯·韦努蒂）,theAmericantranslationtheoristTheTranslator’sInvisibility《译者的隐形》,in1995Firstputforwardthesetwoopposingconcepts•1whatisforeignization?Foreignizationisastrategyinwhichatargettextisproducedwhichdeliberatelybreakstargetconventionsbyretainingsomethingoftheforeignnessoftheoriginal.•在一定程度上保留原文的异域性，故意打破目标语言常规的一种翻译策略。•Itissource/source-cultureoriented.2whatisdomestication?Domesticationisastrategyinwhichatransparent,fluentstyleisadoptedinordertominimizethestrangenessoftheforeigntextfortargetlanguagereaders.•在翻译中采用透明、流畅的风格，最大限度淡化原文陌生感的翻译策略。•Itistarget/target-cultureoriented.Differencesbetweenforeignization&domesticationSource-orientedTarget-orientedRetainingforeignnessMinimizingstrangenessSendingthetargetreadersabroadBringingthesourceauthorbackhomeFriedrickSchleiermacher施莱尔马赫（德）“Thetranslatorcaneitherleavethewriterinpeaceasmuchaspossibleandbringthereadertohim,orhecanleavethereaderinpeaceasmuchaspossibleandbringthewritertohim.”“翻译只有两种方法，不是译者不打扰读者，尽可能让读者靠拢作者，就是译者尽量不打扰作者，让作者靠拢读者。”异化归化3differencesbetweenliteraltr.vs.freetr.andforeignizaitionvs.domestication•Aquestion:•literaltr.=foreignization•freetr.=domestication*Thefocusofliteraltrandfreetr.ishowtodealwiththeformandmeaninginthelinguisticlevel.*Foreignizationanddomestication,however,breakingthroughthelimitationoflinguisticelements,broadentheirvision/fieldofvisionbyextendingitintolanguage,cultureandaesthetics.Quotations:*“Whileliteraltranslationandfreetranslationmainlydealwithlinguisticreproduction,foreignizingtranslationanddomesticatingtranslationareconcernedmorewithcultural,linguisticandaestheticconsiderations.”(连淑能）*“归化与异化可看成是直译与意译概念的延伸，但并不完全等同于直译与意译。……如果说直译与意译是语言层次的讨论，那么，归化和异化则是将语言层次的讨论延续升格至文化、诗学和政治层面。”（王东风）Differencesbetweenliteraltr.vs.freetr.&foreignizationvs.domesticationOld,morethan2000yearsagoYoung,in1995Tr.methodsTr.strategiesDealingwithlinguisticreproduction(suchasformandmeaning)Dealingwithcultural,linguisticandaestheticconsiderations(suchasculturalidentity)tolayonone’sbackA：躺在某人的背上——retainingtheformB：平躺着；仰面躺着——transferringthemeaningdealingwithmeaningandform,notwithculturalelementsliteraltr.freetr.4caseanalysis*PremierZhouEnlai,《梁祝》aChineseversionofRomeoandJulietPremierZhou’stranslationcoincidedwiththeveryessenceofdomestication.*Coco-cola*7-up“up”:beactiveorprogressive“喜”:behappyandactive*狗不理*BenzMorecases七上七喜蝌蝌啃腊可口可乐笨死;平治奔驰Gobelieve宾士*tokilltwobirdswithonestone一石双鸟；一箭双雕、一举两得*Itneverrainsbutitpours.不雨则已，下则倾盆;祸不单行;不鸣则已，一鸣惊人*AllroadsleadtoRome.条条大路通罗马殊途同归*Pandora’sbox潘多拉的盒子罪恶的根源Achilles’heel阿咯琉斯之踵唯一致命的弱点Judas’kiss犹大之吻险恶的用心bearmedtoteeth武装到牙齿全副武装诸葛亮(1)ZhugeLiang(181-234),personofgreatwisdomandresourcefulnessinChinesefolklore;mastermind(2)ChineseSolomon(10thcenturyBC)akingofIsrael,knownforbeingextremelywiseeg:thewisdomofSolomonforeignizationdomestication•5.Influenceonlanguages•5.1InfluenceofforeignizationontheChineselanguage•异化成功的例子已融为汉语的一部分，即二元文化成功的融合。•成为汉语富有生命力的词汇•sourgrapes•maidenwork•graspastraw•Astick-and-carrotpolicy•opensesame•酸葡萄•处女作•捞救命稻草•大棒加胡萝卜政策•芝麻开门•Stick:infml,severetreatment•Carrot:infml,apromisedrewardoradvantagefordoingsomething,esp.offeredasawayofpersuadingsomeone(fromtheideathatyoucanencourageadonkeytomovebyputtingacarrotinfrontofit)•thecarrotandstick=promisesandthreats•据法新社8日报道，伊朗周一奉劝美国当选总统奥巴马放弃对伊朗实施“胡萝卜加大棒”战略。（《环球时报》，2008.12.9，第9版)•当然由于美国不用再与苏联在欧洲竞争，他可以调往亚洲的军事资源比冷战时期更多，但航母能唬人，不能服人，美国支撑其在亚洲的影响力，需要更多经济的胡萝卜。（《环球时报》，2010.10.29，第14版社评：《美国自封“亚洲领导者”缺少自谦》)5.2influenceofforeignizationonEnglish•纸老虎•保全面子•丢脸•好久不见•papertiger•tokeepface•toloseface•longtimenosee•“Alltheimperialistnationsarenothingbutpapertigers.”•毛泽东，安娜·路易斯特朗•“纸老虎”→‘scarecrow’（稻草人）•papertiger，theinternationalstandardtr.•Thecommonusageissynonymouswiththeadjectivetoothless,meaningineffective.•ItwasfirsttranslatedwhenitwasappliedtodescribetheUnitedStates.In1956,MaoZedong,saidoftheUnitedStates:•Inappearanceitisverypowerfulbutinrealityitisnothingtobeafraidof,itisapapertiger.Outwardlyatiger,itismadeofpaper,unabletowithstandthewindandtherain.IbelievetheUnitedStatesisnothingbutapapertiger.•丝•荔枝•高粱•饺子•人参•silk•litchi•kaoliang•jiaozi•ginseng•舢板•磕头•功夫•麻将•亩•元•斤•sampan•kowtow•kungfu•makjong•mu•yuan•jin•5.3However,sometranslationsthatusedtobeconsideredsuccessf