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KatharinaReiss1.KatharinaReiss•KatharinaReiss(borninApril17,1923)isaGermanlinguistandtranslationscholar.•Herworkshavebeenimportantinthefieldoftranslationcriticism.•Hermajorwork:TranslationCriticism:ThePotentials&Criticism(翻译批评：潜力与制约)•Sheisadefenderoftheskopostheoryandfounderoffunctionaltheoriesoftranslation.Skopostheory•Definition:Produceatextatatargetsettingforatargetpurposeandtargetaddresseeintargetcircumstances•HansJ.Vermeer将目的原则阐述为两条规则：（1）翻译“目的”成为翻译的功能，原文与译文的互动由翻译的目的来决定。（2）翻译的目的根据接受者不同，而会有所不同。译者应该用最适当的翻译策略来达到目的语文本意欲达到的目的。简言之，生成目的语文本时，目的决定方法。在弗米尔理论的关照下，翻译目的优先于其他一切条件。•E.g.:Thevoiceofwaysidepansies,thatdonotattractthecarelessglance,murmursinthesedesultorylines.•译文：幽径边，紫罗兰的情愫难以招徕那无心的一瞥，只得吟诵着凌乱的诗句，喃喃责怨。TexttypeInformativeExpressiveOperativeLanguageFunctionInformativeExpressiveAppellativeLanguageDimensionLogicalAestheticDialogicTextFocusContent-focusedForm-focusedAppellative-focusedTTshouldTransmitreferentialcontentTransmitaestheticformElicitdesiredresponseTranslationMethod“Plainprose”,explicitationasrequired“Identifying”method,adoptperspectiveofSTauthor“Adaptive”equivalenteffectFunctionalcharacteristicsoftexttypesandlinkstotranslationmethod1.1Content-focusedtext•“…theprincipalkindsoftextinthecontent-focusedtypewouldincludepressreleasesandcomments,newsreports,commercialcorrespondence,inventoriesofmerchandise,operatinginstructions,directionsforuse,patentspecifications,treaties,officialdocuments,educationalworks,non-fictionbooksofallsorts,essays,treatises,reports,theses,andspecializedliteratureinthehumanities,thenaturalsciences,andothertechnicalfields.”•Translationmethod:•TheTTofaninformative(content-focused)textshouldtransmitthefullreferentialorconceptualcontentoftheST.Thetranslationshouldbein“plainprose”,withoutredundancyandwiththeuseofexplicitationwhenrequired.1.2Form-focusedtext•“Generallyspeaking,alltextsbasedonformalliteraryprinciples,andthereforealltextswhichexpressmorethantheystate,wherefiguresofspeechandstyleservetoachieveanestheticpurpose---inaword:texiswhichmaybecalledartisticliteraryworks…wemaysaythatform-focusedtextsincludeliteraryprose(essays,biographies,belles-lettres),imaginativeprose(anecdotes,shortstories,novellas,rommances),andpoetryinallitsforms(formthedidactictoballadrytothepurelysentimental).”•Translationmethod:•TheTTofanexpressive(form-focused)textshouldtransmittheaestheticandartisticformoftheST.Thetranslationshouldusethe“identifying”method,withthetranslatoradoptingthestandpointoftheSTauthor.•Identifyingmethod（认同法，赖斯称“作者视角”，author-adapted）即译者应采用原文作者的视角，注重表情功能的发出者（sender-oriented）•如果在翻译时，两种语言文化发生冲突，则以原语文化的价值系统为主导。例如，Afterdinnermustard，可以翻译成“饭后上芥末---雨后送伞”。“芥末”的形象做好保留，同时又传递功能意义。1.3Appeal-focusedtext•“theywouldincludealltextsinwhichtheelementofappealisdominant,withadvertising,publicity,preaching,propaganda,polemic,demagogyorsatireprovidingeitherthepurposeorlinguisticmeansofexpression.•Translationmethod•TheTTofanoperative(appeal-focused)shouldproducethedesiredresponseintheTTreceiver.Thetranslationshouldemploythe“adaptive”method（归化法）,creatinganequivalenteffectamongTTreaders.1.4Audio-medialtext•听觉---媒介文本指的是非语言之外的视听、图画、电视、电台、广播、音乐等的脚本。后来用“多媒体文本”（multi-mediatext)替代前者，但在她的后期理论中放弃了该概念。Thankyou!