女性主义Presentation

FeminismOutline•HistoryofFeministMovement•Representativecharacters•ConclusionHistoryofFeministMovement•Thefeministmovement(alsoknownastheWomen'sMovement,Women'sLiberation)referstoaseriesofcampaignsforreformsonissuessuchasreproductiverights,domesticviolence,maternityleave,equalpay,votingrights,sexualharassment,andsexualviolence.•Thehistoryoffeministmovementshasbeendividedintothreewavesbyfeministscholars.Eachdealswithdifferentaspectsofthesamefeministissues.TheFirst-wave（fromthe19thcenturytoearly20thcentury）.dealtmainlywiththeSuffrage(therighttovote)•VirginiaWoolf（1882-1941）areassociatedwiththeideasoftheFirstWaveoffeminism.Sherecognizesthesocialconstructsthatrestrictwomeninsocietyandusesliteraturetocontextualizeitforotherwomen.TheSecond-wave(1950s-1980s)•concernedwithgenderinequalityinlawsandculture•BettyFriedan's1963bookTheFeminineMystiquetriggeredthissecondwave•Second-wavefeministssawwomen'sculturalandpoliticalinequalitiesasinextricablylinkedandencouragedwomentounderstandaspectsoftheirpersonallivesasdeeplypoliticizedandasreflectingsexistpowerstructures.TheThird-wave(1990s-current),•acontinuationandaresponsetotheperceivedfailuresoftheSecond-wave•lessreactive,andhadagreaterfocusondevelopingthedifferentachievementsofwomeninAmericaRepresentativeCharacters•ElaineShowalter•SimonedeBeauvoir•JuliaKristeva•SandraM.GilbertElaineShowalter(anAmericanliterarycritic,feminist,andwrite，born21January1941)•Majorworks：•ALiteratureofTheirOwn:BritishWomenNovelistsfromBrontëtoLessing(1978)•TowardaFeministPoetics(1979)•FeministCriticismintheWilderness(1981)•TheFemaleMalady:Women,Madness,andEnglishCulture,1830–1980(1985)•SexualAnarchy:GenderatCultureattheFindeSiecle(1990)IdeasofElaineShowalter•InTowardaFeministPoeticsShowaltertracesthehistoryofwomen'sliterature,suggestingthatitcanbedividedintothreephases:Feminine(女人气的)；Feminist(女性主义者的)；Female(女性的)•Rejectingbothimitationandprotest,•advocatingapproachingfeministcriticismfromaculturalperspectiveinthecurrentFemalephase,•notadvocatingreplacingpsychoanalysiswithculturalanthropology•notadvocatingaseparationofthefemaletraditionfromthemaletradition•themostconstructiveapproachtofuturefeministtheoryandcriticismliesinafocusonnurturinganewfeminineculturalperspectivewithinafeministtraditionthatatthesametimeexistswithinthemaletradition,butonwhichitisnotdependentandtowhichitisnotanswerable.SimonedeBeauvoir（January9,1908–April14,1986)aFrenchwriter,existentialistphilosopher,feminist,Marxist,Maoistandsocialtheorist.bestknownforhermetaphysicalnovelsFamouswork–ThesecondsexnotedforherlifelongpolyamorousrelationshipwithJean-PaulSartre.TheSecondSexItisaworkonthetreatmentofwomenthroughouthistoryandoftenregardedasamajorworkoffeministliterature.Initshearguesthatwomenthroughouthistoryhavebeendefinedastheothersex,anaberrationfromthenormalmalesexBeauvoirwrotethebookafterattemptingtowriteaboutherself.Thefirstthingshewrotewasthatshewasawoman,butsherealizedthatsheneededtodefinewhatawomanwas,whichbecametheintentofthebook.JuliaKristevaborn24June1941aBulgarian-Frenchphilosopher,literarycritic,psychoanalyst,sociologist,feminist.Shetrainedinpsychoanalysis,andearnedherdegreein1979.ShetravelledtoChinainthe1970sandlaterwroteAboutChineseWomen(1977).SomeofhertheoriesAnthropologyandpsychologyKristevaarguesthatanthropologyandpsychology,ortheconnectionbetweenthesocialandthesubject,donotrepresenteachother,butratherfollowthesamelogic:thesurvivalofthegroupandthesubject.Inhercomparisonbetweenthetwodisciplines,Kristevaclaimsthatthewayinwhichanindividualexcludestheabjectmotherasmeansofforminganidentity,isthesamewayinwhichsocietiesareconstructedFeminismKristevawasregardedasakeyproponentofFrenchfeminismherstandsaresometimesconsideredasrejectiveoffeminismincommoninfact,Kristevatriedtoproposetheideaofmultiplesexualidentitiesagainstthejoinedcodeofunifiedfemininelanguage.SandraM.GilbertbornDecember27,1936NewYorkCityaninfluentialliterarycriticandpoetwhohaspublishedwidelyinthefieldsoffeministliterarycriticism,feministtheory,andpsychoanalyticcriticism.Sheisperhapsbestknownforhercollaborativecriticalwork--TheMadwomanintheAtticwithSusanGubarTheMadwomanintheAtticpublishedin1979examinesVictorianliteraturefromafeministperspectiveAuthorsSandraGilberandSusanGubardrawtheirtitlefromCharlotteBronte'sJaneEyre,inwhichRochester'smadwifeBerthastayslockedintheattic.Inthework,GilbertandGubarexaminethenotionthatwomenwritersofthe19thCenturywereconfinedintheirwritingtomaketheirfemalecharacterseitherembodytheangelorthemonster.ConclusionTheemergenceoffeministmovementrevealstheawakeningofsupressedwomen'sawareness.AndsuchawakeninghaslongbeenobservedinwomennovelistslikeKateChopinandothers.Inthesphereofliterarycirticism,feministcriticismhasbeenawidelyadaptedperspectivewheninterpretingliteraryworks.