英语期末-Simone-de-Beauvoir

SimonedeBeauvoirSimonedeBeauvoirisaFrenchnovelistandphilosopher,sheislargelyresponsibleforinauguratingthemodernfeministmovementaswellassignificantlyinfluencingthelaterviewsofSartre,DeBeauvoirhasbecome,wittinglyorotherwise,theheroineoffeministsacrosstheworld.Introduction:MainlyphilosophicalachievementsSimonedeBeauvoirdidnotconsiderherselfaphilosopher,butshehadasignificantinfluenceonbothfeministexistentialismandfeministtheory.DeBeauvoirwrotenovels,essays,biographies,autobiographyandmonographsonphilosophy,politicsandsocialissues.HermostsignificantphilosophicalworksareTheethicsofAmbiguityand,thebibleoffeminism,TheSecondSex.Herphilosophicalapproachisnotablydiverse.HerinfluencesincludeFrenchphilosophyfromDescartestoBergson,thephenomenologyofEdmundHusserlandMartinHeidegger,thehistoricalmaterialismofKarlMarxandFriedrichEngels,andtheidealismofImmanuelKantandG.W.FHegel.Inadditiontoherphilosophicalpursuits,deBeauvoirwasalsoanaccomplishedliteraryfigure,andhernovel,TheMandarins,receivedtheprestigiousPrixGoncourtawardin1954.MainlyphilosophicalachievementsInthisbook,shedevelopedanexistentialistethicsthatcondemnedthe“spiritofseriousness”inwhichpeopletooreadilyidentifywithcertainabstractionsattheexpenseofindividualfreedomandresponsibility.TheEthicsofAmbiguityInthisbook,sheproducedanarticulateattackonthefactthatthroughouthistorywomenhavebeenrelegatedtoasphereof“immanence,”andthepassiveacceptanceofrolesassignedtothembysociety.TheSecondSex(1949)TheSecondSex(1949)•Theendof1stwaveoffeminismandbeginningof2ndwaveoffeminism•Mainideaofthebook–Basedonexistencialism–Womenasthesecondsex–Thesecondsexasderivedfromthefirstsex.WomenhavebeendefinedassecondarytomenwhohavebeenseenastheprimarysexPhilosophicalideasSimonedeBeauvoir’sthoughtisdevelopmentofexistentialistthemesfoundinSartre.WorkingwithinSartre’sframework,SimonedeBeauvoiracceptsthatanindividualisbornfree,withoutessence.Sheinsiststhatactinginbadfaithpresupposesthatoneisawareofthepotentialforfreedominone’ssituation,whichonethenchoosestoignore.Butthepresenceofthisawarenessisnotagiven.FamouswordsIfyoulivelongenough,youwillseethateveryvictoryturnsintodefeat.Oneisnotborn,butratherbecomes,awoman.Lifeisoccupiedinbothperpetuatingitselfandinsurpassingitself.Ifallitdoesismaintainitself,thenlivingisonlynotdying.