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Frequentlyaskedquestion(inEnglish)PartⅠNounexplanation1.convertinfection/subclinicalinfection：itmeansonlyaspecialimmuneresponsewithoutorwithverymilddamagetothehostafterthepathogensenteredwhichcanbediagnosedbyserologicmeanswithdemonstrationofeitherasinglehightiterorafourfoldriseintitertotheinfection.Thepatientshaven’tanysymptomsandsignsclinically,nochangesofbiochemicalaspectsarepresentinlaboratoryfindings.Itisalsocalledsubclinicalinfection.2.black-waterfever:AcomplicationofMALARIA,FALCIPARUMcharacterizedbyanacuteintravascularhemolysis,hemoglobinuriaandhemolyticjaundicewhentheredbloodcellsaredestroyedandlyticinthebloodvessel，severepatientscanresultinacuterenalfailureMostcommomlyinthosewhohavetakenantimalarialtreatmentirregularlyoraredeficientinG-6-PD.Maybeprovokedbyadministeringprimaquineorchlorquine,orbyfatigue.Itisalsocalledhemolyticurinemicsyndrome3.carrierstate(病原携带状态)：itisapersonwhoiscolonizedwithanorganismbutshowsnoevidenceofdisease,althoughdiseasemayhavebeenpresentearlier.Acarrierisaveryimportantsourceofinfectionastheorganismscanbedisseminatedfromhim.4.latentinfection(潜伏性感染)：itmeansanorganismentersahostandliesdormant(静止的)foraperiodoftime,possiblyforyears,beforeproducingdiseaseasthehost’simmunitydecreased.5.invasiveness(侵袭力)：theabilityoftheagenttoenterandtomovethroughtissue.6.sourceofinfection(传染源)：itisreferredtoapersonoranimalinwhichthepathogenstayandmultiplyandcanbedisseminated.7.routeoftransmission(传播途径):theroutethepathogenenteredanothersusceptibleafterbeendisseminatedfromthesourceofinfection.8.susceptible(易感者):itisreferredtoapersonwholacksimmunitytoaspecificinfectiousdisease.9.relapse(复发)：itmeansthereturnofsymptomsaftertheyhaveapparentlyceasedduringconvalescencewhichiscausedbythemultiplicationofthepathogeninthehost.Itisoftenseenintyphoidfever,malaria,etal.10.recrudescence(再燃):itmeansthereappearanceofsymptomsaftertemporarycessation.11.sustainedfever(稽留热）:highfever,lastingandlittlechangein24hours,usually1degree.Oftenseenatfastigiumoftyphoidfever,septicemia,andEHF.12.remittentfever（弛张热）:highfever,temperaturechanges1degreein24hours,butthelowestpointofthefeverisstillabovetheupperlimitofthenormaltemperature.OftenseeninthedefervascenceoftyphoidfeverorEHF.13.relapsingfever回归热）:severaldaysofhighfeverwithinterruptionofafewdays’normality.typicalfeverpatterninbrucellosisandrelapsingfever.14.Intermittentfever（间歇热）:temperaturefluctuatesbetweenthehighfeverandthedegreebelowthenormality.Usuallyseeninsepticemiaandmalaria.15.Irregularfever（不规则热）:thefevercurveisirregular.Seenininfluenzaorsepticemia.16.palmererythema/liverpalm(肝掌):Thisisintensereddening,mottledinnature,ofthepalmeraspectsduetovasodilation.Seenmainlyoverthethenarandhypothenar（大、小鱼际）eminences.17.spiderangiomata(蜘蛛痣)：Spiderangiomataaresmallredmaculeswithfineredlinesradiatingfromitlikespiderlegs.Theyblanchwhencompressed(压之褪色).Theyrepresenttinydilatedcollateralbloodvesselsandareseeninpatientswithchronichepatitisorcirrhosis.18.windowphase（窗口期）：Thewindowphaseisthetimefromexposuretotheorganismuntiloneistestedpositivefortheinfection.Someoneinthewindowphasemaytestnegativebutactuallybepositiveandabletospreadtheorganism.19.streetstrain(野毒株/街毒株):itisreferredtorabiesvirusisolatedfromthenaturallyinfectedanimalsorhumanwithstrongpathogenecityandlongincubationperiod.20.fixedstrain(固定毒株):Afterbeingsubculturedinrabbitbrainformanytimes(atleast50times),thevirulenceofthestreetstraindecreasedgreatly,butitsimmunogenicityremained.Itiscalledfixedstrainandoftenusedforvaccineproduction.21.Negribody（内基本氏小体）:Negribodyispathognomonicforrabiesvirusinfection.Itisovaleosinophilicneuronalcytoplasmicinclusionmeasuring3-10micronindiameter.TheyaremostconsistenetlyseeninthepyramidalcellsofhippocampusandPurkinjecellsofcerebellum.22.septicemia(败血症)：Septicemiaisanacutegeneralizedinfectioncausedbytheinvasionintothebloodstreamofapathogenicoranopportunisticorganism.Whilestayingpersistentlyandmultiplyingrapidlyinthebloodstream,theseorganismsliberatetoxinsormetaboliteswhichelicitgeneraltoxicsymptomsandtissuedamageofvariousorgans.23.bacteriemia（菌血症）：Thebacteriaenterthebloodandmultiplyinit,butstayonlyashorttimeanddon’tliberatetoxinsormetaboliteswhichelicitgeneraltoxicsymptomsandtissuedamageofvariousorgans.24.pyemia（脓毒血症）:Themultiplyingsiteofbacteriaisalsointheblood,butitiscausedbypyogenic（化脓性的）gram-positivecocci,metastaticlesionsarealwayspresent,thesymptomsarethesameassepticemia.25.toxemia（毒血症）:Thebacteriaonlyliveandmultiplyinthelocalpartsofthebody,theydon’tenterthebloodstream,butthetoxinsandmetabolitesliberatedbythemdo.Thesymptomsaresimilartosepticemia.26.rosespots(玫瑰疹)：Theyareblankingpinkmacularspots2-4mmindiameteratday7~13oftyphoidfever.Therashisseenmostcommonlyonthethoraxandabdomen,rarelyonbackandtheextremities.27.relativebradycardia(相对缓脉)：itmeanspulse-temperaturedissociation.Itisusuallydefinedasincreaseinheartrate10beats/minutes/1°Cincreaseintemperatureinadults.Itisusuallyseenintyphoidfever,acuteschistosomiasis,severejaundice,etal.28.herxheimerreaction(赫氏反应):Itiscausedasadirectresultofusingspiro