英汉构词比较

（一）英汉构词比较掌握英语构词法，对我们理解记忆由构词法构来的单词，丰富我们的表达和词汇量的扩大，大有裨益。同时，语言是发展的，新的英语单词不断地出现，这些新出现的单词，大多是由构词法构来的，掌握英语构词法的基本常识，对我们在阅读中处理生词或这些新出现的生词，大有帮助。其实英语单词和汉字一样，存在着很多的“偏旁部首”。学习英语构词法，我们可以与汉字的构成作个比较，以便我们更好地理解与掌握英语构词法。汉字基本是由笔画与边旁构成的，笔画与边旁是汉字构成的基本要素，英语单词构成的基本要素是字母及字母组合。汉字的构成方式有六种，我们称这六种构字方式为“六书”，英语的构词方式有四种。构词要素功能例词构词方式汉字笔画象形日六书：形声、会意、象形、指事、假借、转注边旁会意树形声消英语单词字母形声sun五法：转化法、合成法、词缀法、缩略法、字母组合会意(词根、词缀)telephone形声other（二）英语四种构词法一.转换法：英语大多数有形态变化的词，其词性的转换是通过词缀的增减来实现的，但也有部分词的词性转换不需要通过词缀的增减来实现；没有形态变化的词，其词性的转换是不需要通过词缀的增减来实现，这种直接转换成另一种词性的构词方式我们称之为转化法。转化法构词主要发生在名词与动词之间，形容词与动词之间，以及部分介词与连词之间。转换法构成的词，在词形上没有变化，在意思上与原单词有相关性，在读音上要主意非单音节的名词与动词之间的转换往往发生了重音的改变。意思上没有相关性的词类转化一般看作一词多义的兼类词，例如：patient（耐心的→病人），kind（好心的→种类）。1．名词与动词的转化hand（手→传递）back（背部，后面→支持，后退）charge（费用→收费）copy（抄本，复印件→抄写，复印）flood（洪水→淹没）heat（热量→加热）paint（油漆→刷漆）phone（电话→打电话）pin（别针→装订）waste（废物→浪费）face（脸→面对）land（陆地→着陆）interest（兴趣→使兴趣）surprise（惊讶→使惊讶）taste（味道→品尝）smell（气味→闻）break（短暂休息→折断）present（礼物→赠送）2．形容词与动词的转化clean（干净→使干净，打扫）clear（清楚→清理）dirty（脏→弄脏）dry（干燥→烘干，晒干）empty（空的→倒空）free（自由→使自由，释放）slow（慢的→放慢）warm（暖和→使暖和）cool（凉的→冷却）quiet（安静→使安静）二．词缀法：词缀构词法是指在词根或单词的前后加上词缀来改变单词的意思或词性。加在前面的叫前缀（prefix），前缀一般改变单词的意思，但也有改变单词词性的，如：en-(enable,enrich,enlarge),a-(asleep,awake,alive,alike,across)。加在后面的叫后缀（sufix），后缀一般改变单词的词性但也有改变单词词性的，如：-less(homeless,careless,hopeless)1.常用前缀:前缀意思例词un-否定或相反unfair,unknown,unhealthy,unusual,uncertain,uncleardis-否定或相反disagree,disappear,disadvantage,dishonest,disability,in-,im-,il-,ir-否定或相反incapable,inability,incomplete,incorrect,impossible,immoral,illegal,illogical,irregular,irrelativenon-否定或相反non-smoker,non-stop,non-violentmis-错误mistake,mislead,misunderstanding,misuse,mis-spellanti-反anti-war,anti-pollutionfore-前面forehead,foreground,foreleg,forefootinter-之间international,interaction,internet,interviewpre-之前prefix,preface,preposition,predictsuper-超出superstructure,supernatural,superpower,supermantrans-转移translate,transform,transplant,transportationco-一起，共同coexist,co-operate,co-worker,coactions,coauthor,collectuni-统一uniformunisexUnitedStatessemi-半semiconductor,semicircle,semimonthly,semifinalmicro-微型microvolt,microcomputer,microscopemulti-多multimedia,multicolored,multiform,multinaturalmilli-微小minibus,miniskirt,miniparkde-下降decrease,degradekilo-千kilometer,kilogram,kilowattre-重新rebuild,retell,rewrite,renew,reconsider,reuse,remarry,sub-下面subway2.常用后缀：词性后缀例词备注名词后缀-ant,-entmerchant,servant,assistant,agent,student-ee具有被动词含义；-ess专指阴性；-ist指有某一专长的人-an,-ian,-icianItalian,historian,librarian,electrician,magician-er,orvillagersinger,driver,doctor,operator,actor,v-istpianist,communist,dentist,artist,receptionist-eeemployee,examinee,payee,interviewee-ary,-arscholar,liar,beggar,secretary,missionary-essactress,hostess,manageress-agecourage,storage,marriage,percentage构成抽象名词-alrefusal,arrival,survival,denial,approval,trial,-hoodchildhood,brotherhood,boyhood,manhood-domfreedom,kingdom,wisdom-bilityability,possibility,probability,responsibility-ance,-enceimportance,avoidance,appearance,performance-itypurity,reality,equality-nessgoodness,kindness,tiredness,business-ismcriticism,heroism,tourism,communism-mentpunishment,argument,agreement,government-ion,-ationsuggestion,action,solution,invention,direction-thstrength,length,width,depthgrowth,youth-shiphardship,relationship,membership动词后缀-ize,isemodernize,democratize,organize,apologize,realize-enquicken,weaken,soften,harden-fybeautify,purify,intensify,signify,simplify形容后缀-able,-ibleeatable,enjoyable,acceptable,reasonable-alnatural,additional,educational,national-ishfoolish,bookish,selfish-ive:impressive,decisive,active,instructive,expensive-ymilky,cloudysunny,windy,rainy,foggy-lymanly,fatherly，daily,weekly,monthly-fulbeautiful,wonderful,helpful,truthful,successful-ousdangerous,courageous,nervous,mountainous-enwooden,golden,woolen-lesscountless,stainless,wireless,useless,endless,-edpleased,interested,surprised,worried,excited-ingmoving,touching，astonishing,boring,amazing-erneastern,western,southern,northern,southeastern副词后缀-lypossibly,swiftly,simply，suddenly,highly-wiseotherwise,clockwise,likewise-ward(s)downward,inwards,upward,towards3．常用词根词根含义例词-agri-field-ann-year-audi-hear-bell-war-ceed-go-cept-take-circ-ring-clud-closeconcludeincludeexclude-cogn-known-cred-believe-dent-tooth-dict-say-ducleadintroduce-ev-ageeveningeveevernever-fact-makemanufacturefactory-grad-stepgradegradualgraduallygraduategraduation-graph-writephotographgeographyparagraph-ject-throwproject-liber-free-lingu-language-liter-letter-loc-place-log-speak-lun-moon-manu-hand-milit-soldier-mit-send-mob-move-oper-work-phon-sound-pict-paint-port-carryimportexporttransport-tele-far-viv-live三．合成法：1）合成名词boyfriend,girlfriend,bus-driver,necklace,playground,radioactive,headmaster,sunshine,notebook,armchair,wheelchair,postcard,football,spaceship,blackboard,firefighter,fireman,gateman,chairman,weatherman,businessman,armyman,postman,sportsman,bedroom,reading-room,classroom,newspaper,pickpocket（扒手）,she-goat（雌性山羊）,editor-in-chief（主编）,daybreak（破晓）,handshake（握手）,silkworm（蚕）,outbreak（爆发）（2）合成形容词名词+动词过去分词：man-made,home