专业英语-第1部分无机化学命名

PartINomenclatureofInorganicCompounds[inɔ:gænik]['kɔmpaund]一、元素与单质的命名“元素”和“单质”的英文意思都是“element”，有时为了区别，在强调“单质”时可用“freeelement”。因此，单质的英文名称与元素的英文名称是一样的。下面给出的既是元素的名称，同时又是单质的名称。Neon[∂lju:min∂m]35.溴BrBromine['brəumi:n]53.碘IIodine['aiədi:n]Fe:Iron[aiən]Mn:Manganese[mæŋɡəni:z]Cu:CopperZn:ZincAg:SilverAu:GoldCr：Chromium['krəumjəm]Hg：Mercury['mə:kjuri]Ba:Barium['bɛəriəm]CommonTransitionElememt二、化合物的命名化合物的命名顺序都是根据化学式从左往右，这与中文读法顺序是相反的。表示原子个数时使用前缀：(1)mono-(2)di-(3)tri-(4)tetra-(5)penta-(6)hexa-(7)hepta-(8)octa-(9)nona-(10)deca-(mono-和tetra-以后的前缀中的a,o在后元音字母之前省去)但是在不会引起歧义时，这些前缀都尽可能被省去。1.Namingmetalions(cations)formetaloxides,basesandsaltsforexample:Na+SodiumMg2+MagnesiumAl3+AluminumK+PotassiumCa2+Calcium(1)SinglevalenceionsCation’sname=Element[∂lju:min∂m]['kætaiən]说明：对于有变价的金属元素，多采用罗马数字来表示金属的氧化态，或用后缀-ous表示低价，-ic表示高价。(2)MultivalenceionsCation’sname=Element(N)Forexample:Fe2+Iron(II)orFerrousFe3+Iron(III)orFerricCu+Copper(I)orCuprousCu2+Copper(II)orCupricCr2+Chromium(II)Cr3+Chromium(III)Mn2+Manganese(II)Mn4+Manganese(IV)罗马数字：I,II,III,IV,V,VI,VII,VIII,IX,XTraditionalrulesofnomenclatureStocksystemHg+(Hg22+)Mercury(I)orMercurousHg2+Mercury(II)orMercuricSn2+Tin(II)orStannousSn4+Tin(IV)orStannicAs3+Arsenic(III)orArsenousAs5+Arsenic(V)orArsenic[mə:'kjuərik][a:sənik]['mə:kjurəs][d]2.Namingnonmetalions(anions)(1)MonatomicanionsAnion’sname=Element’sroot-ideForexample:Cl-ChlorideO2-OxideBr-BromideH-HydrideI-IodideCN-CyanideS2-SulfideOH-HydroxideHHydrogenOOxygenSSulfurFFluorineClChlorineBrBromineIIodine['saiənaid]说明：这些名称既是离子的名称，也是该类化合物的统称。[‘ænaiən](2)PolyatomicoxyanionsAnion’sname=CentralElement’sroot-atei.Acidradicalsfornormalsalt(正酸根-ate)forexample:SO42-SulfateNO3-NitratePO43-PhosphateCO32-CarbonateClO3-ChlorateBrO3-BromateIO3-IodateS2O32-ThiosulfateSSulfurNNitrogenPPhosphorusCCarbonClChlorineBrBromineIIodine说明：这些名称既是离子的名称，也是该类化合物的统称。Anion’sname=Centralelement’sroot-iteii.Acidradicalsformeta-salts(亚酸根-ite)forexample:SO32-SulfiteNO2-NitritePO33-PhosphiteClO2-ChloriteBrO2-BromiteIO2-IoditeSSulfurNNitrogenPPhosphorusClChlorineBrBromineIIodineAnion’sname=Per-centralElement’sroot-ateiii.Acidradicalsforpersalts(高酸根Per-ate)forexample:ClO4-PerchlorateBrO4-PerBromateIO4-PeriodateMnO4-PermanganateClChlorineBrBromineIIodineMnManganeseAnion’sname=Hypo-Centralelement’sroot-iteiv.Acidradicalsforhypo-salts(次酸根-ite)forexample:ClO-HypochloriteBrO-HypobromiteIO-HypoioditePO23-HypophosphitePPhosphorusClChlorineBrBromineIIodine3.Namingcompounds(1)MetaloxideMetaloxide=Cation+oxideForexample:FeOFe2O3Fe3O4Na2O2Iron(II)oxide(Ferrousoxide)Iron(III)oxide(Ferricoxide)FerroferricoxideSodiumperoxide(2)NonmetaloxideNonmetaloxide=n-Nonmetalelement+n-oxideorNonmetalelement(N)+oxideForexample:COCO2SO3N2O3P2O5N2O4有些物质常用俗称:如:NO:nitricoxideN2O:nitrousoxideCarbonmonoxideCarbondioxideSulfurtrioxideDinitrogentrioxideDiphosphoruspentoxideDinitrogentetroxideCarbon(II)oxideCarbon(IV)oxideSulfur(VI)oxideNitrogen(III)oxidePhosphorus(V)oxideNitrogen(IV)oxideTraditionalrulesofnomenclatureStocksystem(3)非金属氢化物除了水和氨气使用俗称water，ammonia以外，其它的非金属氢化物都用系统名称，命名规则根据化学式的写法不同而有所不同。（1）对于卤族和氧族氢化物，Ｈ在化学式中写在前面，因此将其看成与另一元素的二元化合物。举例：HFhydrogenfluorideHClhydrogenchlorideHBrhydrogenbromideHIhydrogeniodideH2ShydrogensulfideH2Sehydrogenselenide['selinaid]H2Tehydrogentelluride['teljuraid]（2）对于其它族的非金属氢化物，Ｈ在化学式中写在后面，可加后缀-ane，氮族还可加-ine举例：PH3:phosphine或phosphaneAsH3:arsine或arsane胂SbH3:stibine或stibaneBiH3:bismuthane䏟CH4:methaneSiH4:silaneB2H6:diborane乙硼烷(4)Acidsi.Per-,normalacid(itssalt-ate)Acid=Centralelement’sroot-ic+acidForexample:H2CO3H2SO4H3PO4HNO3HClO3HClO4SSulfurNNitrogenPPhosphorusCCarbonFFluorineClChlorineBrBromineIIodineCarbonicacidSulfuricacidPhosphoricacidNitricacidChloricacidPerchloricacidii.Meta-andhypo-acid(itssalt-ite)Acid=Centralelement’sroot-ous+acidForexample:H2SO3H3PO3HNO2HClO2HClOSulfurousacidPhosphorousacidNitrousacidChlorousacidHypochlorousacid含氧酸与含氧酸根阴离子采用前后缀的不同组合显示不同价态的含氧酸和含氧酸根阴离子，价态相同的含氧酸及含氧酸根阴离子具有相同的前缀，不同的后缀。高某酸per-ic正酸–ic亚酸-ous次酸hypo-ous高某酸根per-ate正酸根–ate亚酸根-ite次酸根hypo-ite其它的前缀还有ortho-正meta-偏thio-硫代举例：HClO4perchloricacidClO4-perchlorateionHClO3chloricacidClO3-chlorateionHClO2chlorousacidClO2-chloriteionHClOhypochlorousacidClO-hypochloriteionH2SO4sulfuricacidSO42-sulfateionH2SO3sulfurousacidSO32-sulfiteionHNO3nitricacidNO3-nitrateionHNO2nitrousacidNO2-nitriteion练习：写出磷的含氧酸和含氧酸根（盐）的名称。forexample:HClHydrochloricacidHBrhydrobromicacidHIHydroiodicacidH2Shydrosulphuricacid命名规则：hydro-词根-icacidiii.无氧酸（hydro-）(5)BasesBase=Metalcation+hydroxideForexample:Al(OH)3NaOHCa(OH)2Ba(OH)2Fe(OH)2AluminumhydroxideSodiumhydroxideCalciumhydroxideBariumhydroxideIron(II)hydroxideorFerroushydroxide(6)盐(Salts)Normalsalt=Cation+anioni.Normalsalt(正盐)：根据化学式从左往右分别读出阳离子和阴离子的名称。Forexample:HgSO4Hg2SO4KNO3Na2CO3NaClOFeSO4KMnO4Mercury(II)sulfateMercury(I)sulfatePotassiumnitrateSodiumcarbonateSodiumhypochloriteIron(II)sulfatePotassiumpermanganateAcidicsalt=Cation+hydrogen+anionii.Acidicsalts：同正盐的读法，酸根中的Ｈ读做hydrogen，氢原子的个数用前缀表示。Forexample:NaHSO4Na2HPO4NaH2PO4Ca(HSO4)2NaHCO3[ə'sidik]SodiumhydrogensulfateDisodiumhydro