化学专业英语unit.5

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YANGTZENORMALUNIVERSITYNomenclatureofInorganicCompounds(无机化合物命名法)1.NamesofCations(阳离子的命名)1)MonatomicCations(单原子阳离子):元素名称+ion*如果某元素能形成一种以上的阳离子,则使用斯托克数字(Stocknumber)来表示其所带电荷(只形成一种阳离子的不必用)。YANGTZENORMALUNIVERSITY2)PolyatomicCations(多原子阳离子):原子团名称+ion例:NH4+:ammoniumion例::Na+:sodiumion;Ag+:silverion;Ca2+:calciumion;Fe2+:iron(II)ion;Fe3+:iron(III)ion;Al3+:aluminumion;YANGTZENORMALUNIVERSITY2.NamesofAnions(阴离子的命名)1)Monatomicanions(单原子阴离子):元素名称的词干+-ide+ion例:F-:fluorideion(F:fluorine);Cl-:chlorideion(Cl:chlorine);Br-:bromideion(Br:bromine);I-:iodideion(I:iodine)*氰根(CN-)和氢氧根(OH-)视同单原子阴离子CN-:cyanideion;OH-:hydroxideionYANGTZENORMALUNIVERSITY2)Oxyanions(Oxoanions)(含氧阴离子,又称酸根离子):例:CO32-:carbonateion(C:carbon);SO42-:sulfateion(S:sulfur);SO32-:sulfiteion;NO3-:nitrateion(N:nitrogen);NO2-:nitriteion;ClO-:hypochloriteion;ClO2-:chloriteion;ClO3-:chlorateion;ClO4-:perchlorateion;PO3-:metaphosphateion非氧元素名称的词干+-ate+ion(译为“*酸根离子”)YANGTZENORMALUNIVERSITY*如果某元素能形成一种以上的含氧阴离子,则按以下规则:a.高(过)*酸根离子:per-+非氧元素名称的词干+-ate+ionb.*酸根离子:非氧元素名称的词干+-ate+ionc.亚*酸根离子:非氧元素名称的词干+-ite+iond.次*酸根离子:hypo-+非氧元素名称的词干+-ite+ion偏*酸根离子:meta-+非氧元素名称的词干+-ate+ion焦*酸根离子:pyro-+非氧元素名称的词干+-ate+ionYANGTZENORMALUNIVERSITY*3)Anionscontaininghydrogen(含氢阴离子):hydrogen+去掉氢的离子名称例:HCO3-:hydrogencarbonateionYANGTZENORMALUNIVERSITY3.NamesofAcids(酸的命名):酸根离子中非氧元素名称的词干+-icacid*如果某元素能形成一种以上的含氧酸,则按以下规则:a.高(过)*酸:per-+酸根离子中非氧元素名称的词干+-icacidb.*酸:酸根离子中非氧元素名称的词干+-icacidc.亚*酸:酸根离子中非氧元素名称的词干+-ousacidd.次*酸:hypo-+酸根离子中非氧元素名称的词干+-ousacidYANGTZENORMALUNIVERSITY4.NamesofBases(碱的命名):元素名称+hydroxide偏*酸:meta-+酸根离子中非氧元素名称的词干+-icacid焦*酸:pyro-+酸根离子中非氧元素名称的词干+-icacid例:H2SO4:sulfuricacid;H3PO4:phosphoricacid(P:phosphorus)*如果某元素能形成一种以上的阳离子,则使用斯托克数字(Stocknumber)来表示其所带电荷(只形成一种阳离子的不必用).例:NaOH:sodiumhydroxide;KOH:potassiumhydroxideYANGTZENORMALUNIVERSITY5.NamesofSalts(盐的命名):不带“ion”的阳离子名称+不带“ion”的阴离子名称*阳离子的电荷数用斯托克数字(Stocknumber)来表示(只形成一种阳离子的元素不必用).例:CuCl:copper(I)chloride;CuCl2:copper(II)chloride;CuSO4:copper(II)sulfate;KClO4:potassiumperchlorateYANGTZENORMALUNIVERSITY6.NamesofMolecularCompounds(分子化合物的命名):正价元素名称+负价元素名称的词干+-ide*分子中各元素原子的个数用希腊数字前缀来表示.例:CaO:calciumoxide;CO2:carbondioxide;P2O5:diphosphoruspentoxide;SF6:sulfurhexafluoride;CO:carbonmonoxideYANGTZENORMALUNIVERSITY7.NamesofHydrates(水合物的命名):非水化合物名称+表示结晶水个数的希腊数字前缀+hydrate*常用数字前缀:1.mono-;2.bi-;3.tri-;4.tetra-;5.penta-;6.hex(a)-(sex(a)-);7.hept(a)-(sept(a)-);8.oct(a)-;9.non(a)-;10.dec(a)-例:CuSO4·5H2O:copper(II)sulfatepentahydrateYANGTZENORMALUNIVERSITYUnit5.NomenclatureofInorganicCompounds(Ⅰ)•SystematicChemicalNomenclature•1.Thesystematicmethodofnaminginorganiccompoundsconsidersthecompoundtobecomposedoftwoparts,onepositiveandonenegative.Thepositivepart,whichiseitherametal,hydrogen,oranotherpositivelychargedgroup,isnamedandwrittenfirst.Thenegativepart,generallynonmetallic,follows.Thenamesoftheelementsaremodifiedwithsuffixesandprefixestoidentifythedifferenttypesorclassesofcompounds.YANGTZENORMALUNIVERSITY•BinaryCompounds•2.Binarycompoundscontainonlytwodifferentelements.Theirnamesconsistoftwoparts:thenameofthemoreelectropositiveelementfollowedbythenameoftheelectronegativeelement,whichismodifiedtoendinide.•(1)BinarycompoundsinwhichtheelectropositiveelementhasafixedOxidationstate.•3.Themajorityofthesecompoundscontainametalandanonmetal.Thechemicalnameiscomposedofthenameofthemetal,whichiswrittenfirst,followedbythenameofthenonmetal,whichhasbeenmodifiedtoanidentifyingstemplusthesuffixide.YANGTZENORMALUNIVERSITY•Table1Stemsofthemorecommonnegalive-ion-formincelements•4.Compoundsmaycontainmorethanoneatomofthesameelement,butaslongasthe3containonlytwodifferentelements,andifonlyonecompoundofthesetwoelemennexists,thenamefollowstheruleforbinarycompounds.Examples:•KICaBr2Mg3N2•PotassiumiodideCalciumbromideMagnesiumnitrideYANGTZENORMALUNIVERSITY•(2)Binarycompoundscontainingmetalsofvariableoxidationnumbers.•5.Twosystemsarecommonlyusedforcompoundsinthiscategory.TheofficialsystemdesignatedbytheInternationalUnionofPureandAppliedChemistry(IUPAC),isknownastheStockSystem.IntheStockSystem,whenacompoundcontainsametalthatcanhavemorethanoneoxidationnumber,theoxidationnumberofthemetalinthecompoundisdesignatedbyaRomannumeralwritteninparenthesesimmediatelyafterthenameofthemetal.Thenegativeelementistreatedintheusualmannerforbinarycompounds.ExamplesFeCl2Iron(II)chlorideFeCl3Iron(III)chlorideOuCICopper(I)chlorideCuCl2Copper(II)chlorideYANGTZENORMALUNIVERSITY•6.ThefactthatFeCl2hastwochlorideions,eachwith-1charge,establishesthattheoxidationnumberofFeis+2.Todistinguishbetweenthetwoironchlorides,FeCl2isnamediron(II)chlorideandFeCl3isnamediron(III)chloride.•7.Whenametalhasonlyonepossibleoxidationstate,thereisnoneedtodistinguishoneoxidationstatefromanother,soromannumeralsarenotneeded.Thus,wedonotsaycalcium(II)chlorideforCaCl1,butrathercalciumchloride,sincetheoxidationnumberofcalciumisunderstoodtobe+2.YANGTZENORMALUNIVERSITY•8.Inclassicalnomenclature,whenthemetallicionhasonlytwooxidationnumbers,thenameofthemetalismodifiedwiththesuffixesousandictodistinguishbetweenthetwo.Theloweroxidationstateisgiv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