财务风险管理[外文翻译]

本科毕业论文（设计）外文翻译FinancialRiskManagementAlthoughfinancialriskhasincreasedsignificantlyinrecentyears,riskandriskmanagementarenotcontemporaryissues.Theresultofincreasinglyglobalmarketsisthatriskmayoriginatewitheventsthousandsofmilesawaythathavenothingtodowiththedomesticmarket.Informationisavailableinstantaneously,whichmeansthatchange,andsubsequentmarketreactions,occurveryquickly.Theeconomicclimateandmarketscanbeaffectedveryquicklybychangesinexchangerates,interestrates,andcommodityprices.Counterpartiescanrapidlybecomeproblematic.Asaresult,itisimportanttoensurefinancialrisksareidentifiedandmanagedappropriately.Preparationisakeycomponentofriskmanagement.WhatIsRisk?Riskprovidesthebasisforopportunity.Thetermsriskandexposurehavesubtledifferencesintheirmeaning.Riskreferstotheprobabilityofloss,whileexposureisthepossibilityofloss,althoughtheyareoftenusedinterchangeably.Riskarisesasaresultofexposure.Exposuretofinancialmarketsaffectsmostorganizations,eitherdirectlyorindirectly.Whenanorganizationhasfinancialmarketexposure,thereisapossibilityoflossbutalsoanopportunityforgainorprofit.Financialmarketexposuremayprovidestrategicorcompetitivebenefits.Riskisthelikelihoodoflossesresultingfromeventssuchaschangesinmarketprices.Eventswithalowprobabilityofoccurring,butthatmayresultinahighloss,areparticularlytroublesomebecausetheyareoftennotanticipated.Putanotherway,riskistheprobablevariabilityofreturns.Sinceitisnotalwayspossibleordesirabletoeliminaterisk,understandingitisanimportantstepindetermininghowtomanageit.Identifyingexposuresandrisksformsthebasisforanappropriatefinancialriskmanagementstrategy.HowDoesFinancialRisk?Financialriskarisesthroughcountlesstransactionsofafinancialnature,includingsalesandpurchases,investmentsandloans,andvariousotherbusinessactivities.Itcanariseasaresultoflegaltransactions,newprojects,mergersandacquisitions,debtfinancing,theenergycomponentofcosts,orthroughtheactivitiesofmanagement,stakeholders,competitors,foreigngovernments,orweather.Whenfinancialpriceschangedramatically,itcanincreasecosts,reducerevenues,orotherwiseadverselyimpacttheprofitabilityofanorganization.Financialfluctuationsmaymakeitmoredifficulttoplanandbudget,pricegoodsandservices,andallocatecapital.Therearethreemainsourcesoffinancialrisk:1.Financialrisksarisingfromanorganization’sexposuretochangesinmarketprices,suchasinterestrates,exchangerates,andcommodityprices.2.Financialrisksarisingfromtheactionsof,andtransactionswith,otherorganizationssuchasvendors,customers,andcounterpartiesinderivativestransactions3.Financialrisksresultingfrominternalactionsorfailuresoftheorganization,particularlypeople,processes,andsystemsWhatIsFinancialRiskManagement?Financialriskmanagementisaprocesstodealwiththeuncertaintiesresultingfromfinancialmarkets.Itinvolvesassessingthefinancialrisksfacinganorganizationanddevelopingmanagementstrategiesconsistentwithinternalprioritiesandpolicies.Addressingfinancialrisksproactivelymayprovideanorganizationwithacompetitiveadvantage.Italsoensuresthatmanagement,operationalstaff,stakeholders,andtheboardofdirectorsareinagreementonkeyissuesofrisk.Managingfinancialrisknecessitatesmakingorganizationaldecisionsaboutrisksthatareacceptableversusthosethatarenot.Thepassivestrategyoftakingnoactionistheacceptanceofallrisksbydefault.Organizationsmanagefinancialriskusingavarietyofstrategiesandproducts.Itisimportanttounderstandhowtheseproductsandstrategiesworktoreduceriskwithinthecontextoftheorganization’srisktoleranceandobjectives.Strategiesforriskmanagementofteninvolvederivatives.Derivativesaretradedwidelyamongfinancialinstitutionsandonorganizedexchanges.Thevalueofderivativescontracts,suchasfutures,forwards,options,andswaps,isderivedfromthepriceoftheunderlyingasset.Derivativestradeoninterestrates,exchangerates,commodities,equityandfixedincomesecurities,credit,andevenweather.Theproductsandstrategiesusedbymarketparticipantstomanagefinancialriskarethesameonesusedbyspeculatorstoincreaseleverageandrisk.Althoughitcanbearguedthatwidespreaduseofderivativesincreasesrisk,theexistenceofderivativesenablesthosewhowishtoreducerisktopassitalongtothosewhoseekriskanditsassociatedopportunities.Theabilitytoestimatethelikelihoodofafinanciallossishighlydesirable.However,standardtheoriesofprobabilityoftenfailintheanalysisoffinancialmarkets.Risksusuallydonotexistinisolation,andtheinteractionsofseveralexposuresmayhavetobeconsideredindevelopinganunderstandingofhowfinancialriskarises.Sometimes,theseinteractionsaredifficulttoforecast,sincetheyultimatelydependonhumanbehavior.Theprocessoffinancialriskmanagementisanongoingone.Strategiesneedtobeimplementedandrefinedasthemarketandrequirementschange.Refinementsmayreflectchangingexpectationsaboutmarketrates,changestothebusinessenvironment,orchanginginternationalpoliticalconditions,forexample.Ingeneral,theprocesscanbesummarizedasfollows:1、Identifyandprioritizekeyfinancialrisks.2、Determineanappropriatelevelofrisktolerance.3、Implementriskmanagementstrategyinaccordancewithpolicy.4、Measure,report,monitor,andrefineasneeded.Diversificati