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文献信息：文献标题：Letthechildrenplay...andthesupervisorshavepeaceofmind-designingplaygroundstohelpthosesupervisingchildren（让孩子们游玩和监管者安心——辅助监管儿童的游乐场设计）国外作者：HudsonSusan，ThompsonDonna，OlsenHeather文献出处：《Parks&Recreation》,2003:88-93字数统计：英文2053单词，10514字符；中文3160汉字外文文献：Letthechildrenplay...andthesupervisorshavepeaceofmind-designingplaygroundstohelpthosesupervisingchildrenPlaygroundshavebeenanintegralpartofpublicparksandrecreationfromthestartofthemovementinthelate1800s.Infact,thefirstprofessionalorganizationofmunicipalrecreationprofessionalswascalledthePlaygroundAssociationofAmerica.Theimportanceoftheseearlyplaygroundsiswelldocumentedinthewritingsoftheearlyleadersofthefield,includingJosephLee,HenryCurtisandLutherGulick.Anintegralpartoftheseplaygroundswasnotonlytheequipment,butalsothesupervisionthatwasprovided.JosephLeenotedtheimportanceofsupervisionwhenheobservethatBoston'splaygroundsweren'tusedtonearlytheirfullcapacityowingtoalackofsupervision.Withoutsupervision,itseemedtoLee,thebiggerboysbrokeupconstructiveplay.Overtheyears,publicplaygroundshavecontinuedtobeamainstayinparks.However,unliketheearlyplaygrounds,themajorityofparkandrecreationagencieshaveforegonetheexpenseofprovidingsupervisorsfortheseplayspaces.Instead,theyrelyonadultswhomayaccompanychildrentotheseareastoprovidesupervision.Becausemostadultsareill-preparedtoprovidesupervision,it'snotsurprisingthatthelackofpropersupervisioniscitedasacontributingfactorin40percentofallplaygroundinjuries.Thelackofadequatesupervisiononplaygroundsputspublicparkandrecreationdepartmentsinadilemma.Ontheonehand,thepublicpressuresagenciestoprovideplaygrounds;ontheotherhand,providingtheseplayspaceswithoutadequatesupervisionplaceschildrenatriskandposesaliabilityexposuretopublicplaygroundownersinstateswheregovernmentimmunityprovideslimitedornoprotection.Shortofprovidingstaffmemberstoprovidesupervisiontothesesites,isthereanythingelsethatpublicparkandrecreationagenciescandotohelpthepublicsupervisechildrenintheseplayspaces?Yes.Onekeywaythatparkandrecreationagenciescanhelpthepublicinthesupervisionprocessistoconsiderelementsofsupervisionintheplanninganddesignoftheseareas.Thisarticlewilldiscusssomeessentialpointsofdesignthathelpfacilitatesupervisionbycaregiverswhotakechildrentoplaygrounds.Thedesignoftheplaygroundenvironmentcaneitherpromoteorhinderthesupervisionprocess.Assuch,thereareatleastfourmajorelementstoconsiderinthedesignofanyplaygroundtoaidadultsinsupervision.Theseelementsarelocationoftheplaygroundsite,zonesforplay,age-appropriatedesignofequipmentandopensightlines.Let'stakealookateach.LocationofthePlaygroundSiteAsaresultofthelocationoftheplaygroundsite,therearemanypotentialhazardstochildren.Forinstance,iftheplaygroundislocatedinanareawherearoadrunsadjacenttoit,there'sarealpossibilityofachildrunningintothestreet.We'reawareofaparkintheMidwestwherearoadseparatedtheplaygroundfromthepublicrestroom.Asmostparentscanattest,thesecondmost-visitedplaceinapark,asidefromaplayground,isprobablythepublicrestrooms.Thiskindofdesignisliterallyanaccidentwaitingtohappen.Inthesamelight,unfencedparkinglotsadjacenttoplaygroundsitesalsoposeaproblem,aschildrenaremoreintentonrunningtoandfromtotheplaygroundthanlookingoutformovingvehicles.Athirdmovingobjectthatneedstobeconsideristhebicycle.Bicycletrailsarepopularentrancestomanypublicparks.Often,thesepathwaysleadrighttotheplayground.It'simportantthatdesignerslayoutapathwaythatdoesn'tinterrupttheactivitiesthatareoccurringontheplayground.Pathwaysthatallowcycliststoenterintotheplaygroundenvironmentsetupaconflictbetweenamovingobjectandachild.Oneothernoteshouldbemadeaboutthebicycleandtheplayground.Cyclistsneedtobewarnedtotaketheirhelmetsoffwhengettingonplaygroundequipment.Spacesontheequipmentaren'tdesignedforchildrenwithhelmets.Allowingchildrenonplaygroundequipmentwithhelmetscanleadtoapotentiallylife-threateningheadentrapment.Forestedareasandstreamsarealsoelementsintheplaygroundenvironmentthatcanpresentsupervisionhazards.Theseareasareattractivenuisancesforchildren.Ifacaregiverisn'tpayingattentiontochildren,thechildrencaneasilywanderoffandgetintoserioustrouble.Havingadefiniteboundaryoutlinedbyfencesorshrubshelpsdelineatetheplaygroundareaforbothchildrenandsupervisors.Utilitylinesrunningthroughtheplaygroundareacanalsoposepotentialproblems.We'veseenplaygroundswhere,overtime,thepowerlineshavesaggedtosuchanextentthatthey'rewithinreachofachildstandingonaslide.Inaddition,supportstructuresfortheutilitylinesmaybeenticingtochildrenwhoviewthemasjustanotherclimbingopportunity.Afewyearsago,parentsofprivateschoolchildrenfoundoutonedaythatthebusinessofficehadmadeacontractualarrangementwithacellphonecompanytoerectaphonetowerinthemiddleofanexistingplayground.Thefirstthattheprincipalorotherschoolofficialsknewofthisbusinessarrangementwaswhenthetrucksshowedupatrecesstobegintheworkoferectingthetower.Theparentsendeduptakingtheschooladministrationtocourtovertheissue.Thebusinessofficialssawnoproblemswiththetower,especiallyifitbroughtextramoneytotheschool.However,thejudgegrantedtheparentsapermanentin