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摘要起重机械在推动社会发展起到了不可或缺的作用，我国社会的迅猛发展也离不开起重机械的在各行各业的广泛使用。随着国家的快速发展，我国起重机械的持有数量也在逐年递增。但是，伴随着发展，问题也随之而来。起重机械的安全问题是阻碍社会发展的重要问题，多发的安全事故使得我们在使用起重机械时不得不投入大量的时间与精力来确保其安全的运行。相较于发达国家，我国起重机械的事故发生频率较高，因此需要研究学习来得到科学有效的方法来减少起重机械事故的发生。通过对起重机械进行安全评价，可以准确的找到起重机械发生事故的原因以及预防方法，再通过科学的管理，保障起重机械从设计、制造、安装、运行各个环节的安全性，避免事故的发生。在进行安全评价之前，要先确定起重机械存在的危险有害因素，可以从起重机械在使用环境及自身结构、设计和制造方面以及使用方面来进行分析。在确定其危险有害因素之后可以进行安全评价，本文将采用预先危险性分析法、事故树分析法以及模糊综合评价法来进行分析。进行预先危险性分析时，可以使用起重机常发生的事故类型作为划分评价单元依据来进行分析，得出各个事故类型的危险程度。再使用事故树分析法对危险性较大的吊物坠落事故进行分析，得到最小割集、最小径集以及各个基本事件的结构重要度。最后使用模糊综合评价对集装箱龙门式起重机的钢结构进行评价，得到各个起重机的钢结构性能综合评分。最后从起重机械设计制造、安装拆卸、使用方面提出管理对策措施，以减少起重机发生事故的频率。关键词：起重机械；安全评价；危险有害因素；预先危险性分析；事故树分析法；模糊综合评价；风险管理AbstractHoistingmachineryplaysanindispensableroleinpromotingsocialdevelopment.Therapiddevelopmentofoursocietyisalsoinseparablefromtheextensiveuseofhoistingmachineryinallwalksoflife.Withtherapiddevelopmentofthecountry,China'sliftingmachineryholdingsarealsoincreasingyearbyyear.Butwithdevelopmentcomesproblems.Liftingmachinerysafetyisanimportantproblemhinderingthedevelopmentofthesociety,moresafetyaccidentsmakewhenweusethehoistingmachineryhadtospendalotoftimeandenergytoensureitssafeoperation.Comparedwithdevelopedcountries,Chinahasahigherfrequencyofcraneaccidents,soitisnecessarytostudyandlearnscientificandeffectivemethodstoreducetheoccurrenceofcraneaccidents.Throughsafetyevaluationforhoistingmachinery,wecanaccuratelyfindthehoistingmachineryaccidentreasonandtopreventthem,andthroughscientificmanagement,ensureliftingmachineryfromeachlinkofdesign,manufacture,installation,operationsafety.Beforesafetyassessment,todeterminethedangerousandharmfulfactorsofhoistingmachineryexist,canfromliftingmachineryusedinenvironmentanditsstructure,designandmanufactureanduseforanalysis.Thesafetyevaluationcanbecarriedoutafterthedeterminationofitsdangerousandharmfulfactors.Whencarryingouttheriskanalysisinadvance,theaccidenttypesfrequentlyoccurringincranescanbeusedasthebasisforthedivisionandevaluationunittoanalyzeandgettheriskdegreeofeachaccidenttype.Thestructuralimportanceoftheminimumcutset,themaximumpathsetandeachbasiceventisobtainedbyusingtheaccidenttreeanalysismethodtoanalyzethefallaccidentofthecranewithhighrisk.Finally,thesteelstructureofcontainergantrycraneisevaluatedbyfuzzycomprehensiveevaluation.Finally,managementmeasuresareputforwardfromtheaspectsofcranedesign,manufacture,installation,disassemblyandusetoreducethefrequencyofcraneaccidents.Keywords：Hoistingmachinery；Safetyevaluation；Hazardousfactor；Pre-hazardanalysis；Accidenttreeanalysis；Fuzzycomprehensiveevaluation；RiskmanagementI目录1概述...........................................................................................................................................11.1引言...............................................................................................................................11.2起重机械的安全评价与风险管理国内外现状............................................................21.2.1国内现状..............................................................................................................21.2.2国外现状..............................................................................................................31.3研究的内容....................................................................................................................51.3.1研究的目的..........................................................................................................51.3.2研究的内容..........................................................................................................52起重机械主要构造以及危险性分析........................................................................................62.1起重机械结构简介........................................................................................................62.1.1起重机械分类.......................................................................................................62.1.2桥、门式起重机的主要构造...............................................................................72.1.3塔式起重机的主要构造.......................................................................................72.1.4流动式起重机的主要构造...................................................................................92.2起重机械危险有害因素................................................................................................92.2.1危险有害因素概述...............................................................................................92.2.2危险有害因素辨识的内容...................................................................................92.2.3危险有害因素的辨识方法.................................................................................102.2.4起重机械的危险因素.........................................................................................102.3起重机的事故类型......................................................................................................122.3.1倾翻事故............................................................................................................122.3.2脱钩事故...................................................................................