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1panjh@163bj.com1504510073265137744-5788651261059200252112OxfordDictionaryofEnglish21()1980490219942923HumandevelopmentUNDPHumanDevelopmentReport42080(InternationalHumanDimensionsProgramme,IHDP)5Rostow31TragedyoftheCommons(Hardin,1968)2(JeremyBenthan,1748-1832)3CompensationPrinciple(N.Kaldo)J.Hicks(compensationtest)4(veilofignorance)Rawls(1972)5(spill-overeffect)(spreadeffect)Myrdal(1956,p.36)41StructuralApproachestoeconomicdevelopmentLewis(1958)Rosenstein-Rodan(1966)(bigpush)Myldal1963,1982)(holistic)2(2002)3(Meadowsetal,1972)Simon(1981)4Capabilities,Sen(1985,1992)5Entitlementsrights6WCED(1987)p.437Dasgupta(1993)p.448Dore(1999)p.249Dore(1999)p.22514717DasguptaWeale(1992)TaylorJodice(1983)2()/()6→∞71(S.FredSinger,1997)(IPCC,2001)IPCC(IPCC,1995,2001)23Houcadeetal(2001)10081PPM280PPM360PPM9()((ppp)/)1998()((ppp)/)199810(a)(b)(%)(a)(b)(c)19881990199219419961998tCO2/(%)11(a)(b)19702020a(ppp$/)(/)b(kgCO2/$)(ppp$/)05101520250.05.010.015.020.025.030.035.040.045.050.001002003004005006001971197319751977197919811983198519871989199119931995199719992001200320052007200920112013201520172019EJ02,0004,0006,0008,00010,00012,0001971197319751977197919811983198519871989199119931995199719992001200320052007200920112013201520172019MtC:19871997205021009.5%11.5%17.0%19.6%198719972050210010.5%13.8%19.8%21.6%