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Bt魏伟裴克全桑卫国钱迎倩马克平(,100093)Bt(Gossypiumspp.),,BtBtBtBt,Bt,,BtBt,,,,PROGRESSONTHEECOLOGICALRISKASSESSMENTOFTRANSGENICCOTTONEXPRESSINGINSECTICIDALPROTEINSFROMBACILLUSTHURINGIENSISWEIWeiPEIKe_QuanSANGWei_GuoQIANYing_QianandMAKe_Ping(LaboratoryofQuantitativeVegetationEcology,InstituteofBotany,theChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing100093,China)AbstractThetransgeniccotton(Gossypiumspp.)expressinginsecticidalproteinsfromBacillusthuringiensishasbeencommercializedforproductioninChinasince1997,andhasabigreleaseareainthefield.Theecologicalriskshavebeenstudiedfromthebeginning.Thispapertriestoreviewtheadvancesoftheresearchthatfocusedontheecologicalrisksassessmentsofthetransgeniccotton,whichincludetheexpressionofBtproteinsanditsefficacyontargetedinsectpests,theescapeofBttransgenes,theriskofresistanceevolutionoftheinsectpests,andtheeffectsonnon_targetorganisms.ThemainobjectiveofthisarticleistocontributetothedevelopmentofbiotechnologyandbiosafetystudiesinChina.WeproposeanumberofbiosafetyregulationsthatcouldbeadoptedandpossibleareasrelatedtotheecologicalrisksofBtcottonthatrequirefurtherresearch.KeywordsTransgeniccotton,Ecologicalrisks,Transgeneescape,Resistanceevolution,Non_targeteffectsPerlak(1990)(Bacillusthuringiensis)(Gossypiumhirsutum),cryIA(Gossypiumspp.)(Fittetal.,1994;Benedictetal.,1996;,1991)1996,Bt,1997,Bt,Bt2000,(210hm2),BtBt,170hm2150hm2(James,2000)200050hm2,2001Bt60hm2,Bt150hm2,2000100hm2(James,2001)863!!!∀#(,2001)Bt,,Bt80%,120(,1999),Bt,Bt1996,Bt,,Bt(Fox,1996;Kaiser,1996;Mellon&Rissler,1998)Bt4:1)Bt,2)Bt,3)Bt,4)Bt:20011123:20020119:(G2000046803)(DowAgrosciences)ZhaiEmiE_mail:weiwei@ns.ibcas.ac.cn2002,26()127~132ActaPhytoecologicaSinicaBt1BtCaMV35s,,,(Schuleretal.,1998)Bt,,BtSachs(1998)Bt()(),Bt,,(Fittetal.,1998)Bt(Holt,1998)cryIAmRNA(Murrayetal.,1991)(Olsenetal.,1998)(Olsen&Daly,2000)BtBt,(,2001;,2001)(Helicoverpaarmigera),,,Bt2Bt,,,(Kareivaetal.,1994)PopeSimpson(1944),,Pope,,1(1609m)AfzalKhan(1950),100(33m)(2000),50,,50m(1997)2,4_D,100m,:,(,1999a),50m100m,20m,,(Llewellyn&Fitt,1996)GreenJones(1953),,,,(Kjellsonetal.,1997),3Bt500,,Bt(Tabashnik,1994)Bt,,,Bt,,Bt,Bt,BtBt(12826,1999b),BtBt,McGaugheyWhalon(1992)4:1),;2);3)(Refuges);4),,Bt(,1999b):Bt,,,,BtBt(Gould&Tabashnik,1998):1)100hm2,25hm2(Kurstaki(Btk))Bt,(Heliothisvirescens),(Helicoverpazea)(Pectinophoragassypiella);2)100hm2,4hm2,!!!Btk,0.5()Bt(Gould&Tabashnik,1998):1)Bt,2),Bt,3)Bt,4),5),6),7)Bt,10-2~10-13,Gould(1997)4Bt,F1F2Bt,1.5∃10-3,(2001)F2Bt(33B),Bt,5.8∃10-3,(p10-3),Bt,,,DNA,,Bt,(Stokstad,2001)Griffitts(2001)BtCry5B,,Cry5BCry1Ac(Monsanto)24%Gahan(2001)!!!BtCry1Ac,,DNA,,,,,Bt,(Freudling,1999),,,(2001)Bt,,,(2001)Bt:Bt129,Bt,4Bt,,,Losey(1999)Bt(Zeamays)(Danausplexippus),Birch(1998),(Myzuspersicea)(Adaliabipunctata),,Hilbeck(1998)Bt!!!(Ostrinianubilalis)(Spodopteralittoralis),(Chrysoperlacarnea),,,,Dutton(2002),Bt(Rhopalosiphumpadi)(Tetranychusurticae),Schuler(1999),Bt(Brassicanapus)(Plutellaxylostella),Bt,(Cotesiaplutella)Bt,,BtBt,(,)Hilbeck(1998)Dutton(2002),,Bt,,,Bt(1999),,,Bt,Bt(2001)Bt,Bt,,,,,,,,,,(Angle,1994),,,Widmer(1996),DNA,,,DNADNA,DNA,DNA,DNA,(Trevorsetal.,1994),(Trevorsetal.,1994)RNA(2001)16srDNA,2,,,130265Bt,,,Bt,3:1)BtBt;2),,,Bt,,;3)Bt,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Afzal,M.&A.H.Khan.1950.NaturalcrossingincottoninwesternPunjab.II.Naturalcrossingunderfieldconditions.AgronomyJournal,42:89~93.Angle,J.S.1994.Releaseoftransgenicplants:biodiversityandpopulationlevelconsiderations.MolecularEcology,3:45~50.Benedict,J.H.,E.S.Sachs,D.W.Altman,W.R.Deaton,R.J.Kohel,D.R.Ring&S.A.Berberich.1996.FieldperformanceofcottonexpressingCryIAinsecticidalproteinsforresistancetoHeliothisvirescensandHelicoverpazea(Lepidoptera:Noctuidae).JournalofEconomicEntomology,89:230~238.Birch,A.N.E.,I.E.Geoghegan,M.E.N.Majenus,C.Hackett&J.Allen.1998.Interactionsbetweenplantresistancegenes,pestaphidpopulationandbeneficialaphidpredators.Dundee:ScottishCropResearchInstituteAnnualReport.68~72.Fang,X.J.()&S.R.Jia().1999.ProgressofcommercializationoftransgeniccottoninChina.BiotechnologyInformation(),1:39~40.(inChinese)Fitt,G.P.,J.C.Daly,C.L.Mares&K.Olsen.1998.ChangingefficacyoftransgenicBtcotton-patternsandconsequences.In:Zalucki,M.&R.Dreweds.Pestmanagement-futurechallenge.Proceedingofthe6thAustralianAppliedEntomologyConference,Brisbane.Vol.1.189~196.Fitt,G.P.,C.L.Mares&D.J.Llewellyn.1994.Fieldevaluationandpotentialecologicalimpactoftransgeniccottons(Gossypiumhirsutum)inAustralia.BiocontrolScienceandTechnology,4:535~548.Fox,J.L.1996.Btcottoninfestationsrenewresistanceconcerns.NatureBiotechnology,14:1070.Freudling,C.1999.ChineseBtcottonneedresistancemanagement.BiotechnologyandDevelopmentMonitor,38:22~23.Gahan,L.J.,F.Gould&D.Heckel.2001.IdentificationofageneassociatedwithBtresistanceinHeliothisvirescens.Science,293:857~860.Gould,F.,A.Anderson,A.Jones,D.Summerford,G.G.Heckel,J.Lopez,S.Micinski,R.Leanard&M.Laster.1997.InitialfrequencyofallelesforresistancetoBacillusthuringiensistoxinsinfieldpopulationsofHeliothisvirescens.ProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesoftheUSA,94:3519~3523.Gould,F.&B.Tabashnik.1998.Bt