..直接引语和间接引语详解与习题一、直接引语和间接引语的定义1.直接引语:别人直接说的话,一般直接放在引号内。如:(1)Mymothertoldme,“Youshouldfinishyourhomeworkfirst,thenyoucanplaywithyourfriends.”(2)Ourteachersaid,“Classisover,weshouldhavearest.”2.间接引语:用自己的话加以转述,被转述的话不放在引号内。上面两个例句变成间接引语应该是:(1)MymothertoldmethatIshouldfinishmyhomeworkfirstandthenIcouldgooutandplaywithmyfriends.(2)Ourteachersaidclasswasoverandweshouldhavearest.二、直接引语与间接引语的变化直接引语变成间接引语时,由于引述动词(said,told等)一般都是过去时形式,因此间接引语中的动词时态、人称代词、限定词、时间状语、地点状语等一般都要做相应的变化。有下面几种情况:1.现在时间推移到过去时间所谓现在时间推移到过去时间指一般现在时变为一般过去时,现在进行时变成过去进行时,现在完成时变成过去完成时。例如:Shesaid,“Iamhungry.”→Shesaid(that)shewashungry.Vincesaid,“Ihavefoundwhat’swrongwiththecomputer.”→Vincesaidhehadfoundwhatwaswrongwiththecomputer.在下列场合,尽管陈述动词为过去时形式,间接引语中的动词时态却不必改变,即:(1)当引述的是客观事实、科学真理、现在习惯工作以及格言等内容时:Hesaid,“Theword‘laser’isanacronym(首字母缩略词).”→Hesaidtheword‘laser’isanacronym.(2)当动词所表示的状态或动作在引述时仍在继续时:“I’mforty,”hesaid.→Hesaidheisforty.(3)当谓语动词包含无过去时形式的情态助动词时:..Hesaid,“Itmustbeprettylate.Ireallymustgo.”→Hesaiditmustbeprettylate,andhereallymustgo.Hesaid,“Youmustn’tsmokeintheroom.”→HesaidImustn’tsmokeintheroom.2.过去时间推移到过去的过去这里需要注意以下几点:(1)当强调动作或状态先于引述动词时,一般过去时要变成过去完成体。例如:Hesaid,“Ididn’tknowyou.”→Hesaidhehadn’tknownme.当“过去的过去”已经不言自明,或者通过其他词汇手段予以体现,或者侧重于强调所转述的事实本身时,一般过去时形式可以不变。例如:Annsaid,“Shewasbornin1981.”→Annsaidshewasbornin1981.(2)过去进行时可以变成过去完成进行时,也可以不变。例如:Robertsaid,“IwasjokingwithMary.”→RobertsaidhehadbeenjokingwithMary.RobertsaidhewasjokingwithMary.(3)过去完成时仍为过去完成时,不需改变。例如:Hesaid,“Wehadn’treturnedtothestorewhenshecame.”→Hesaidtheyhadn’treturnedtothestorewhenshecame.(4)时间状语分句中的一般过去式或者过去进行时可以不变。例如:Johnsaid,“WhenIlivedinLondonIoftensawJane.”→JohnsaidwhenhelivedinLondonhehadoftenseenJane.3.将来时间推移到过去将来时间最常见的是把表示将来时间的助动词由现在时形式变为过去时形式。例如:Hesaid,“We’respendingnextweekendathome.”→Hesaidtheywerespendingthenextweekendathome.Theysaid,“We’regoingtoHawaiithissummervacation.”→TheysaidtheyweregoingtoHawaiithatsummervacation.但是,在引述时,如果原话中的动作或者状态属于尚未到来的将来时间,那么,可以不推移到过去将来时间。例如:Hesaid,“I’llbewaitingforyoutomorrow.”→Hesaidhewillbewaitingformetomorrow.4.人称代词、限定词、时间状语、地点状语的变化由上面的例子可以看出,当直接引语变成间接引语时,除动词时态变化外,人称代词、限..定词、时间状语、地点状语等通常也作相应的变化。(1)人称代词,除引述本人原话外,通常第一、二人称变为第三人称,或者第二人称变为第一人称;限定词也作相应的变化。例如:Hesaid,“Weloveourcountry.”→Hesaidtheylovetheircounty.(2)指示代词this,these分别变成that/it,those/they或them;指示限定词this,those通常变为that,those或the。例如:“Thishouseisveryexpensive,”shesaid.→Shesaidthathousewasveryexpensive.(3)时间状语在间接引语中的变化有三种情况:a.时间状语和动词时态两者都变。例如:Hesaid,“Itwascompletesayearago.”→Hesaidithadbeencompletedayearbefore.b.时间状语不变,动词时态可变可不变。例如:Shesaid,“WeleftParisat8a.m.”→ShesaidtheyhadleftParisat8a.m.ShesaidtheyleftParisat8a.m.c.时间状语变与不变需视具体情况而定,如果引述时间和说话时间(如同一年、同一月、同一天等),时间状语可不变。例如:Mr.Blacksaid,“WestartedlearningChineselastmonth.”→Mr.BlacksaidtheyhadstartedlearningChineselastmonth.(同一月引述)→Mr.BlacksaidtheyhadstartedlearningChinesethepreviousmonth.(可在同一月引述,也可不在同一月引述)直接引语间接引语todaythatdaythismorning/afternoonthatmorning/afternoonyesterdaythedaybefore,thepreviousday(the)daybeforeyesterdaytwodaysbeforetomorrowthenextday,thefollowingday(the)dayaftertomorrowtwodaysafter,intwodays’timenextweek/monththenextweek/monthlastweek/monththeweek/monthbeforenowthen..(4)地点状语here通常变为there;但若说话人所在地也就是引述人所在地,可仍用here,也可用具体地点代替here。例如:Shesaid,“Ifirstmetyourbrotherhere.”→Shesaidshefirstmetmybrotherthere.“Arethechildrenhere?”Fatherasked.→Fatheraskedwhetherthechildrenwerehere.三、直接引语和间接引语正误例析1.“SpeakEnglishmoreofteninandoutofclass,”ourEnglishteachersaidtous.OurEnglishteachersuggestedustospeakEnglishmoreofteninandoutofclass.(误)OurEnglishteachertold/askedustospeakEnglishmoreofteninandoutofclass.(正)OurEnglishteachersuggestedthatwe(should)speakEnglishmoreofteninandoutofclass.(正)简析:直接引语是祈使句,变为间接引语时,要将祈使句的动词原形变为带to的不定式,并在不定式的前面根据语气需要使用ask,tell,order等动词,其句型是:ask/tell/ordersomeonetodosth.,但是suggest不能接不定式作宾补,只能接-ing形式或从句(从句用虚拟语气)作宾语。2.“Don’tplayfootballonthestreet,littleboys,”thepolicemansaid.Thepolicemantoldthelittleboysdidnotplayfootballonthestreet.(误)Thepolicemantoldthelittleboysnottoplayfootballonthestreet.(正)简析:如果直接引语是祈使句的否定式,变为间接引语时,要将其改为不定式的否定形式作宾补,不定式的否定形式是在不定式前面加not,而不是加donot,doesnot,didnot等。3.“Wouldyoupleasedomethefavortocarrytheboxupstairs?”theyoungwomansaidtome.Theyoungwomanorderedmetocarrytheboxupstairsforher.(误)Theyoungwomanaskedmetocarrytheboxupstairsforher.(正)简析:直接引语是一些表示请求、建议的疑问句,变为间接引语时,也变为不定式作宾语补足语。需要注意的是应根据原句的语气选用恰当的动词。因为此处原来的疑问句用的..是很客气的语气,改写后不宜用order。4.“Youcleantheclassroomafterclasstoday,Tom,”saidthemonitor.ThemonitorsaidthatTomcleanedtheclassroomafterclassthatday.(误)ThemonitortoldTomtocleantheclassroomafterclassthatday.(正)简析:一般而言,祈使句是以动词原形开头的,但是如果说话人有意强调动作执行者,也可以在句首加上主语。我们在将其变为间接引语时不能将带有主语的祈使句与陈述句混淆起来。5.“It’safineday.Let’sgotothecountryforapicnic,”Petersaidtome.Petertoldmethatitwasafinedayandletusgotothecountryforapicnic.(误)Petersaidthatitwasafinedayandaskedmetogotothecountryforapicnicwithhim.(正)简析:当直接引语中有多种句子形式如陈述句、祈使句、疑问句等时,我们就要用不同的方式将各种句子进行转述。因为原句中直接引语前面部分是陈述句,故变为由that引导的宾语从句,后面部分是祈使句所以变为不定式作宾补。直接引语变间接引语的技巧一、如何变人称;下面有一句顺口溜“一随主。二随宾,第三人称不更新”。“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时,如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化如:Shesaid