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┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊装┊┊┊┊┊订┊┊┊┊┊线┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊第1页共11页附件：外文资料翻译原文CongestionPricingandSustainableDevelopmentofUrbanTransportationsystemABSTRACTThe..rapidgrowthinurbanizationandmotorizationgenerallycontributestoanurbantransportationsystemthatiseconomically,environmentallyandsociallyunsustainable.Theresulthasbeenarelentlessincreaseintrafficcongestion.Roadcongestionpricinghasbeenproposedmanytimesasaneconomicmeasuretofightcongestioninurbantraffic,buthasnotseenwidespreaduseinpracticebecauseofSomepotentialimpactsofroadpricingremainunknown.hepaperfirstreviewstheconceptofsustainabletransportationsystem,whichshouldmeetthegoalsofeconomicdevelopment,environmentalprotectionandsocialjusticecollectively.Andthen,basedonthecharacteristicsofsustainabletransportationsystem,howcongestionpricingcancontributetoeconomicgrowth,environmentalprotectionandsocialjusticeisexamined.Examinationresultshowsthatcongestionpricingisapowerfulwaytopromotethesustainabledevelopmentofurbantransportationsystem.┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊装┊┊┊┊┊订┊┊┊┊┊线┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊第2页共11页1IntroductionUrbantransportationisapressingconcerninmegacitiesaroundtheworld.AlongwithChina’srapiddevelopmentofurbanizationandmotorization,trafficjamshasbecomeamoreandmoreseriousproblem,resultingingreatertimedelay,increaseofenergyconsumptionandairpollution,decreaseofreliabilityofroadnetwork.Inmanycitiestrafficcongestionisseenasahindrancetoeconomicdevelopmentnumerousmethodscanbeusedtoaddresscongestionandreducetransportdensity,includingbuildingnewinfrastructure,improvingmaintenanceandoperationofinfrastructure,andusingtheexistinginfrastructuremoreefficientlythroughdemandmanagementstrategies,includingpricingmechanisms.Congestionpricinghaslongbeenproposedasaneffectivemeasuretocombattrafficcongestion.Theprincipleobjectiveofcongestionpricingistoalleviatecongestionbyimplementingsurchargefortheuseselectedcongestedfacilitiesduringpeaktimeperiods.Byshiftingsometripstooff-peakperiods,toroutesawayfromcongestedfacilities,ortohigher-occupancyvehicles,orbydiscouragingsometripsaltogether,congestionpricingschemeswouldresultinsavingsintimeandoperatingcosts,improvementsinairquality,reductionsinenergyconsumptionandimprovementsintransitproductivity.Therearelotsofsuccessfulapplicationsinsomecountriesandregionsintherestoftheworld.FollowingSingaporeintheearly1970sandNorwegiantollringsinthemid-1980s,thecityofLondonintroduceditsareatollinFebruary2003;uptillnow,itisthemostwell-knownexampleofalargemetropolitanareathathasimplementedcongestionpricing.However,congestionpricinghasnotseenwidespreaduseinpracticeduetotheoreticalandpoliticalreasons.Somepotentialimpactsofroadpricingremainunknown,andthesustainabilityofcongestionpricingforurbandevelopmentrequiresfurtherstudy.Sustainabilityisnormallytakenasbasicobjectivesintheassessmentoftransportationpolicy.Theideaofsustainabletransportationemergesfromtheconceptofsustainabledevelopmentinthetransportsectorandcanbedefinedasfollows，“sustainabletransportationinfrastructureandtravelpoliciesthatservemultiplegoalsofeconomicdevelopment,environmentstewardshipandsocialequity,havetheobjectivetooptimizetheuseoftransportationsystemstoachieveeconomicandrelatedsocialandenvironmentgoals,withoutsacrificingtheabilityoffuturegenerationstoachievethesamegoals”.Sustainabletransportationsystemsrequireadynamicbalancebetweenthemainpillarsofsustainabledevelopment,economicdevelopment,environmentalprotectionandsocialjusticeforcurrentandfuturegenerations.Inthecontextofsustainabletransportsystems,howcongestionpricingcancontributetoeconomicgrowth,environmentalprotectionandsocialjusticeisexaminedinthispaper.Therestofthepaperisstructuredasfollows.Insection2,theimpactsofcongestionpricingoneconomicdevelopmentaredescribed.Section3presentsthecontributiontoenvironmentprotection,andtherelationshipbetweensocialjusticeandcongestionpricing┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊装┊┊┊┊┊订┊┊┊┊┊线┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊第3页共11页isanalyzed.Someconclusionsaregiveninsection5.2EconomicdevelopmentTrafficcongestion,resultingintheincreaseoftraveltime,trafficaccident,energyconsumptionandenvironmentdeterioration,hasproducednumerouseconomiclosses.Itwasreportedthateconomiclosscausedbytrafficcongestionamountedto40millionYuanperyearinBeijingand1/3ofGDPinShanghaiin2003Inmanycites,trafficcongestionhasseenasahindrancetoeconomicdevelopment.Anysustainabletransportationmanagementpolicesshouldmeetthegoalsofimprovingtheeffectsoftransportoneconomicdevelopment,andwithoutadverselyimpactingtheenvironmentandthepotentialforfurthereconomicgrowth.Howeffectivewouldcongestionpricingstrategybeinreducingcongestion,loweringpollutantsandgreenhousegasemissions,cuttingfueluse,andreducingotheradverseimpactsofcurrenttransportationsystem?ThebasiceconomicprinciplesofcongestionpricingcanbeillustratedinFigure1.Theoretically,individualusersdecidewhetherornottouseaparticularroadbyweighingthecoststheywilltobearagainstthebenefitstothemselves.TotalsocialbenefitscanbemeasurebytheareaunderDinFigure1.TheusercostsindicatedontheMPCcurvereflectonlythecostsbornebyeachuserasnewusers(i.e.“marginal”users)areadded.However,themarginaluser