1英语语法第八章独立主格结构非谓语动词作状语时,它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语,从而在结构上与主语不发生关系,我们称之为独立主格结构(AbsoluteConstruction)。其实,所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立,它还是一种从属的结构。一、非谓语动词独立主格结构在独立主格结构中,非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。Suchanablemantohelpyou,youwillsurelysucceedsoonerorlater.有这么能干的人来帮你,你迟早一定会成功的。(suchanableman和tohelpyou之间存在着主谓关系)=Sincesuchanablemanwillhelpyou,youwillsurelysucceedsoonerorlater.Heseatinghimselfatthedesk,hismotherbegantotellhimastory.他在书桌旁坐好后,他母亲开始给他讲故事。(seatinghimselfatthedesk拥有了自己的逻辑主语he,注意是“主格”)=Whenheseatedhimselfatthedesk,hismotherbegantotellhimastory.Thekeytothebikelost,hehadtowalktoschool.由于丢了自行车钥匙,他只好步行去学校。(lost的逻辑主语是thekey,lost也可以用完成式havingbeenlost)=Becausethekeytothebikehadbeenlost,hehadtowalktoschool.A.不定式“独立主格结构”在“逻辑主语+动词不定式”结构中,动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。1.动词不定式用主动的形式在独立主格结构中,动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。Hismothertocometonight,heisbusypreparingthedinner.他母亲今晚要来,他正在忙着准备饭菜。(=Ashismotheristocometonight,heisbusypreparingthedinner.)——willyougototheconcerttonight你今晚去听音乐会吗?——Sorry.Somanyexercise-bookstocheck,Ireallycan'taffordanytime.对不起,有这多的作业要批,我真的抽不出时间。(=BecauseIshallchecksomanyexercise-bookstonight,Ireallycan'taffordanytime.)Thefourofusagreedonadivisionoflabor,eachtotranslateaquarterofthebook.我们四人同意分工干,每人翻译全书的四分之一。(=Thefourofusagreedonadivisionoflaborandeachistotranslateaquarterofthebook.)Manytrees,flowers,andgrasstobeplanted,ournewly-builtschoolwilllookevenmorebeautiful.种上许多的树,花和草后,我们新建的学校将看上去更美。(=Ifmanytrees,flowers,andgrassareplanted,ournewly-builtschoolwilllookevenmorebeautiful.)B.-ing形式“独立主格结构”动词的-ing形式作状语时,其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。Beingill,hewenthome.由于生病,他回家了。(=Ashewasveryill,hewenthome.)Seatinghimselfatthedesk,hebegantoreadamagazine.在课桌旁坐好后,他开始看杂志。(=Whenhehadseatedhimselfatthedesk,hebegantoreadamagazine.)1.表示时间的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”2Everyonebeingready,theteacherbeganhisclass.每个人都准备好后,老师开始上课。(相当于一个时间状语从句Wheneveryonewasready)Thechairmanbeganthemeeting,everyonebeingseated.每个人坐好后,主席开始开会。(相当于一个时间状语从句aftereveryonewasseated)2.表示原因的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”Theboyleadingtheway,wehadnotroublefindingthestrangecave.由那个男孩带路,我们没有困难就找到了那奇怪的洞。(相当于一个原因状语从句Becausetheboyledtheway)Manyeyeswatchinghim,hefeltabitnervous.许多眼睛看着他,他感到有点儿紧张。(相当于一个原因状语从句Asmanyeyeswerewatchinghim)必背:含有being的独立主格结构。ItbeingNationalDaytoday,thestreetsareverycrowded.今天是国庆节,街上很拥挤。=AsitisNationalDaytoday,thestreetsareverycrowded.Therebeingnofurtherbusinesstodiscuss,weallwenthome.没有别的事可讨论,我们都回家了。=Astherewasnofurtherbusinesstodiscuss,weallwenthome.3.表示条件的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”Timepermitting,wewillhaveapicnicnextweek.时间允许的话,我们下星期将进行一次野炊。(相当于一个条件状语从句Iftimepermits)Myhealthallowing,Iwillworkfarintothenight.我的健康许可的话,我愿工作到深夜。(相当于一个条件状语从句Ifmyhealthallows)4.表示方式的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”Thestudentsarewalkingintheschoolhappily,eachwearingacardinfrontofhischest.学生们快乐地在学校里走着,每个人胸前都带着一张卡。(相当于一个并列分句andeachwearsacardinfrontofhischest)Theboylayonthegrass,hiseyeslookingatthesky.男孩躺在草地上,眼睛看着天空。(相当于一个并列分句andhiseyeswerelookingatthesky)C.-ed形式“独立主格结构”与逻辑主语+动词的-ing形式一样,如果-ed形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致的话,就需要用-ed形式的独立主格结构。ThebookwritteninsimpleEnglish,Englishbeginnerswereabletoreadit.该书是用简单英语写的,英语初学者也能看懂。=AsthebookwaswritteninsimpleEnglish,Englishbeginnerswereabletoreadit.Theworkersworkedstillharder,theirlivingconditionsgreatlyimproved.由于工人们的生活条件大大提高,他们工作得更起劲了。=Astheirlivingconditionsweregreatlyimproved,theworkersworkedstillharder.Hewaslisteningattentivelyinclass,hiseyesfixedontheblackboard.他上课专心听讲,眼睛紧盯着黑板。=Hewaslisteningattentivelyinclass,andhiseyeswerefixedontheblackboard.Thetaskcompleted,hehadtwomonths'leave.任务完成以后,他休了两个月的假。(=Whenthetaskhadbeencompleted,hehadtwomonths'leave.)3比较:动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生,动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束,动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。Themanagerlooksworried,manythingstosettle.经理看上去很着急,有这么多的事情要处理。(事情还没有处理,而且是由经理本人来处理,用不定式tosettle)Themanagerlooksrelaxed,manythingssettled.许多事情已经处理好了,经理看上去很轻松。(事情已经处理好了,用动词-ed形式settled表示动作已经结束)Thefoodbeingcooked,theboywaswatchingTV.小孩一边做饭,一边看电视。(两个动作同时进行)Thefoodcooked,theboywenttobed.饭做好了,小孩去睡了。(两个动作有先后,饭已做好,小孩才去睡觉的)二、动词独立主格结构“逻辑主语+being+其他”是独立主格结构中的“逻辑主语+动词-ing形式”的一种形式。在这种结构中,being往往可以被省去,这种省去being的结构,称之为无动词“独立主格结构”。A.逻辑主语+名词Tenstudentsenteredforthecompetition,theyoungestaboyof12.十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛,年纪最小的是个12岁的男孩。(theyoungest和aboyof12之间省去了being)注意:独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略,一是在“Therebeing+名词”结构中,二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。Therebeingnobus,wehadtowalkhome.由于没有公共汽车,我们只好走回家。ItbeingSunday,alltheofficesareclosed.因为是星期日,所有办公室都关门。B.逻辑主语+形容词Heturnedtome,hiseyessleepy.他睡眼惺忪地转向我。(hiseyes和sleepy之间省去了being)=Heturnedtome,andhiseyesweresleepy.Hestoodthere,hismouthwideopen.他站在那里,嘴张得大大的。(hismouth和wideopen之间省去了being)=Hestoodthere,andhismouthwaswideopen.C.逻辑主语+副词Schoolover,weallwenthome.放学了,我们都回家了。(school和over之间省去了being)=Schoolwasover,andweallwenthome.Hesatathisdesk,hisshoesoff.他坐在课桌旁,没穿鞋子。(hisshoes和off之间省去了being)=Hesatathisdeskandhisshoeswereoff.D.逻辑主语+介词短语Heisstandinginfrontoftheblackboard,hisbacktowardsus.他站在黑板面前,背对着我们。=Hewasstandinginfrontoftheblackboard,andhisbackwastowardsus.Thenewteachercamein,asmileonherface.新老师面带微笑走了进来。=Thenewteachercameinandshehadasmileonherface.4Theteachercameintotheclassroom,aruleinhishand.老师