搜索
一、geomatics测绘学geodesy大地测量学surveyingandmapping测绘photogrammetry摄影测量学remotesensing(RS)遥感globalpositioningsystem(GPS)全球定位系统satellitepositioning卫星定位geographicinformationsystems(GIS)地理信息系统landmanagement土地管理computergraphics计算机图形学二、geodeticsurveying大地测量,大地测量学planesurveying平面测量,平面测量学controlsurvey控制测量horizontalsurvey水平测量,平面测量verticalsurvey高程测量,垂直测量topographicsurvey地形测量detailsurvey碎部测量landsurvey(propertysurvey,boundarysurvey,cadastralsurvey)土地测量,地籍测量routesurvey路线测量pipesurvey管道测量citysurvey城市测量hydrographicsurvey水道测量marinesurvey海洋测量minesurvey矿山测量geologicalsurvey地质测量三、distancemeasurement距离测量preciseranging精密测距pacing步测,定步distancemeasuringinstrument,rangefinder测距仪EDM(electronicdistancemeasurement)电子测距仪geodimeter光速测距仪,光电测距仪electromagneticdistancemeasuringinstrument电磁波测距仪electro-opticaldistancemeasuringinstrument光电测距仪long-rangeEDMinstrument远程电子测距仪infraredEDMinstrument红外测距仪laserdistancemeasuringinstrument,laserranger激光测距仪microwavedistancemeasuringinstrument微波测距仪satellitelaserranger卫星激光测距仪two-colorlaserranger双色激光测距仪distance-measuringerror测距误差fixederror固定误差proportionalerror比例误差sightingdistance视距multiplicationconstant乘常数additionconstant加常数stadiamultiplicationconstant视距乘常数stadiaadditionconstant视距加常数standardfieldoflength长度标准检定场nominalaccuracy标称精度stadiahair视距丝,视距线stadiainterval视距间隔四、horizontalangle水平角verticalangle垂直角depressionangle俯角,俯视角zenithdistance天顶距elevationangle高度角horizontalcircle水平刻度盘verticalcircle垂直度盘truenorth真北geodeticazimuth大地方位角gridbearing坐标方位角gyroazimuth陀螺方位角magneticazimuth磁方位角methodbyseries,methodofdirectionobservation方向观测法methodinallcombinations全组合测角法五、controlnetwork控制网horizontalcontrolnetwork平面控制网,水平控制网verticalcontrolnetwork高程控制网controlpoint控制点triangulation三角测量trilateration三边测量triangulateration边角测量forwardintersection前方交会resection后方交会sideintersection侧方交会linear-angularintersection边角交会法linearintersection边交会法traversing导线测量traversepoint导线点traverseleg导线边traverseangle导线折角opentraverse支导线closedtraverse闭合导线closedlooptraverse闭合环导线connectingtraverse附和导线angleclosingerroroftraverse导线角度闭合差totallengthclosingerroroftraverse导线全长闭合差closingerrorincoordinateincrement坐标增量闭合差traversenetwork导线网triangulaterationnetwork边角网triangulationnetwork三角网trilaterationnetwork三边网surveyspecifications,specificationsofsurveys测量规范六、referencedatum参考基面,参考基准面Huanghaiverticaldatumof19561956黄海高程系统nationalverticaldatumof19851985国家高程基准Directleveling,spiritleveling几何水准测量Differentialleveling微差水准测量trigonometricleveling三角高程测量barometricleveling气压水准测量gravimetricleveling重力水准测量river-crossingleveling跨河水准测量BM(benchmark)水准基点levelrod水准尺level水准仪backsight(BS)后尺foresight(FS)前尺heightofinstrument(HI)仪器高heightoftarget(HT)目标高elevationdifference高差annexedlevelingline附和水准路线closedlevelingline闭合水准路线spurlevelingline支水准路线refractioncorrection折光差改正elevationofsight视线高程Opticallevel光学水准仪electroniclevel电子水准仪automaticlevel,compensatorlevel自动安平水准仪laserlevel激光水准仪1-1、ThetermgeomaticsemergedfirstinCanadaandasanacademicdiscipline;ithasbeenintroducedworldwideinanumberofinstitutesofhighereducationduringthepastfewyears,mostlybyrenamingwhatwaspreviouslycalled“geodesy”or“surveying”,andbyaddinganumberofcomputerscienceand/orGIS-orientedcourses.（这个术语作为一个学科第一次形成于加拿大；在过去的几年里被全世界的许多高等教育研究机构所熟知，通常是以前的“大测量学”或“测量学”在引入了许多计算机科学和GIS方向的课程后重新命名的。）1-2、Adoptionofthetermalsoallowsacoherentmarketingoftheprofessiontoindustryandschoolsonaworldwidebasis.（这个术语的采用同时也在全世界范围里为行业里和学校建立了一个一致的专业市场）1-3、AsdefinedbytheCanadianInstituteofGeomaticsintheirquarterlyjournal“Geomatica”:Geomaticsisafieldofactivitieswhich,usingasystemicapproach,integratesallthemeansusedtoacquireandmanagespatialdatarequiredaspartofscientific,administrative,legalandtechnicaloperationsinvolvedintheprocessoftheproductionandmanagementofspatialinformation.（加拿大测量学会在他们的季刊“地球空间信息学”中这样定义：测绘学是利用系统的方法，为生产和处理科学的，行政的，法律的和技术的业务所需的空间信息，将所有获取和管理空间信息的方法整合在一起的活动领域。2-1、Surveyinghasbeentraditionallydefinedastheartandscienceofdeterminingthepositionofnaturalandartificialfeatureson,aboveorbelowtheearth’ssurface;andrepresentingthisinformationinanalogformasacontouredmap,paperplanorchart,orasfiguresinreporttables,orindigitalformasathreedimensionalmathematicalmodelstoredinthecomputer.（测量传统定义为确定地表、地下和地上的自然与人工地貌特征；并使之按比例测绘成地形图、平面图或图表，或形成报告图表，或以数字形式形成三维立体数学模型存储进计算机。）2-2、Therefore,distancesmeasuredonornearthesurfaceoftheeartharenotalongstraightlinesorplanes,butonacurvedsurface.（因此，在地球表面上或附近测量距离并不是沿着直线或平面进行，而是在一个曲面上。)Hence,inthecomputationofdistancesingeodeticsurveys,allowancesaremadefortheearth’sminorandmajordiametersfromwhichaspheroidofreferenceisdeveloped.（因此，在大地测量距离的计算中，参考椭球的长轴与短轴所带来的误差就显示出来。）2-3、Forexample,thelengthofanarc18.5kmlonglyingintheearth’ssurfaceisonly7mmgreaterthanthesubtendedchordand,further,thedifferencebetweenthesumoftheanglesinaplanetriangleandthesumofthoseinasphericaltriangleisonly0.51secondforatriangleattheearth’ssurfacehavinganareaof100km.（例如，地球表面一条18.5km长的弧只比其所对的弦长7mm，在一个面积为100平方公里的平面三角形中的内角和与对应球面三角形中的内角和之差只有0.51秒）2-4、Theordinaryprocedureindeterminingelevations,suchasbalancingbacksightandforesightdistanceindifferentialleveling,automaticallytakesintoaccountthecurvatureofthe