1一、氯及氯的化合物Cl2⑴金属Na/Fe/Cu不活泼的非金属H2/P⑵非金属阴离子X-/S2-/NH3⑶SO2/SO32-/Fe2+/FeI2/FeBr2HClNaClH2SO4浓AgNO3AgClMnO2(△)/KMnO4/KClO3/KClOHClONaClOOH-H+H2OH+OH-KClO3KClHCl/MnO2(△)Ca(ClO)2/H2O21,氧化性:nF2+2M===F2+H2===F2+Xe(过量)===2H2O+2F2===4HF+O22F2+2NaOH===Cl2+2Na点燃2NaCl(黄色火焰,冒白烟)3Cl2+2Fe点燃2FeCl3(红棕色烟,溶于水显黄色)Cl2+Cu点燃CuCl2(棕黄色烟,溶于水浓绿色,稀蓝色)Cl2+H2光或点燃2HCl(点燃,苍白色火焰,瓶口冒白雾。光照爆炸)Si(粗)+2Cl2高温SiCl43Cl2+2P点燃2PCl3(白雾)Cl2+PCl3点燃PCl5(白烟)2Cl2+2NaBr===2NaCl+Br2(无色变黄色,加CCl4橙红色)Cl2+2NaI===2NaCl+I2(无色变棕黄色,加CCl4紫红色)5Cl2+I2+6H2O===2HIO3+10HCl(碘化钾淀粉溶液中滴加氯水直至过量,先变蓝色后蓝色消失)[NaCl+AgNO3===AgCl↓(白色)+NaNO3NaBr+AgNO3=AgBr↓(淡黄色)+NaNO3NaI+AgNO3=AgI↓(黄色)+NaNO3]Cl2+Na2S===2NaCl+S(黄色浑浊)Cl2+H2S===2HCl+S(黄色浑浊)Cl2+2FeCl2===2FeCl3(绿色变黄色)X2+SO2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HX(X=Cl/Br/I,氯气与二氧化硫等体积混合后无漂白性)2H2SO3+X2+H2O===H2SO4+2HXCl2+H2O2===2HCl+O2还原性:SO32-I-Fe2+Br-2(水或碱中)歧化Cl2+H2O===HCl+HClO(加酸抑制歧化,加碱或光照促进歧化)Cl2+2NaOH===NaCl+NaClO+H2O(尾气吸收)2Cl2+2Ca(OH)2==CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O(制漂白粉)3Cl2+6KOH(浓)5KCl+KClO3+3H2OCa(ClO)2+CO2+H2O=CaCO3↓+2HClO(漂白原理)2HClO光2HCl+O2(漂白粉失效)3.氯气的制法工业制法电解氯化钠溶液2NaCl+2H2O2NaOH+H2↑+Cl2↑(氯碱工业)电解熔融氯化钠2NaCl2Na+Cl2↑实验室制法MnO2+4HCl(浓)MnCl2+Cl2↑+2H2O16HCl+2KMnO4==2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2↑+8H2O14HCl+K2Cr2O7===2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2↑+7H2O6HCl+KClO3=3Cl2↑+KCl+3H2OCl-+ClO-+2H+=Cl2↑+H2OMnO2+HCl---(地康法)4HCl+O2催化剂、加热2Cl2+2H2O4、HX的制法H2SO4(浓)+CaF2CaSO4+2HF↑H2SO4(浓)+NaCl微热NaHSO4+HCl↑H2SO4(浓)+2NaCl强热Na2SO4+2HCl↑H3PO4(浓)+NaBrNaH2PO4+HBr↑H3PO4(浓)+NaINaH2PO4+HI↑5.HClO的氧化性3HClO+HI===HIO3+3HClHClO+H2SO3===H2SO4+HClHClO+H2O2===HCl+H2O+O2(氧化性:HClOHClO2HClO3HClO4,但浓,热的HClO4氧化性很强)2KClO3二氧化锰加热2KCl+3O2↑通电通电3二、氧及氧的化合物(1)O2⑴金属Na/Fe/Cu不活泼的非金属S/P/C/Si/H2⑵非金属阴离子X-/S2-/NH3⑶SO2/SO32-/Fe2+/NO/CO/CS2/CH4O2-KClO3F2/电解F2(低温)OF2O3PbSKI(Cl/NO)放电紫外光H2O2KMnO4(H+)I-/Fe2+/SO32-MnO2Na2O2Ba2O2Na(点燃)H2SO4MnO2(△)1、O22Na+O2===Na2O(钠放置在空气中变暗)2Na+O2Na2O2(黄色的火焰,生成淡黄色固体)4Al+3O2点燃2Al2O3铝箔在氧气中剧烈燃烧3Fe+2O2点燃Fe3O44FeS2+11O2煅烧2Fe2O3+8SO2N2+O2放电2NOS+O2===SO24P+5O2点燃P4O10(常写成P2O5,冒白烟)2C+O2(少量)点燃2COC+O2(足量)点燃CO2Si+O2SiO2(硅粉在氧气中燃烧)4NH3+5O2(空气)4NO+6H2O4NH3+3O2(纯)点燃2N2+6H2O2H2S+3O2点燃2H2O+2SO242NO+O22NO22SO2+O2催化剂加热2SO32CaSO3+O2===2CaSO4P4S3+8O2点燃3SO2+2P2P5SiH4+2O2=SiO2+2H2O2.O32O3NOCl或3O2(氮氧化物或氟里昂破坏臭氧层)PbS+2O3=PbSO4+O22KI+O3+H2O=I2+2KOH+O2(湿KI-淀粉试剂检验空气中的臭氧含量)3O2放电或紫外光2O3(雷电、复印机、高压电机)3、H2O2不稳定性:2H2O22MnO2H2O+O2↑弱酸性:BaO2+H2SO4=BaSO4↓+H2O2氧化性:H2O2+2KI+H2SO4=K2SO4+I2+2H2OCu+H2O2+2H+=Cu2++2H2OSO2+H2O2=H2SO4还原性:2MnO4-+5H2O2+6H+=2Mn2++8H2O+5O2↑5二、硫及硫的化合物(2)S⑴金属Na/Fe/Cu/Hg不活泼的非金属H2/CH2S S2- CuSSO2OH-H+H+OH-SO32-(△)H+OH-⑷△⑴X2/O2⑵Fe3+⑶SO2/SO32-/ClO-/浓H2SO4PbSCuSO4Pb(CH3COO)2(FeS)O2(点燃)H2SSO3O2(V2O5/400-5000C)H2SO4Br2Cl2Fe(△)Cu(△)C(△)S(△)H2SBaCl2BaSO41.S氧化性:3S+2Al△Al2S3S+FeFeSS+2Cu△Cu2SS+Hg=HgS(除去洒落地上的水银)2S+C△CS2S+H2△H2S还原性:S+O2点燃SO2S+H2SO4(浓)△3SO2↑+2H2OS+6HNO3(浓)△H2SO4+6NO2↑+2H2O3S+6NaOH△2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O2.H2S不稳定性:H2S△H2+S还原性:Cl2+H2S=2HCl+S↓2H2S+O2(少量)===2S↓+2H2O2H2S+SO2===3S↓+2H2OH2S+H2SO4(浓)===S↓+SO2↑+2H2O3H2S+2HNO3(稀)===3S↓+2NO↑+4H2O5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO4===2MnSO4+K2SO4+5S↓+8H2O3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4===Cr2(SO4)3+K2SO4+3S↓+7H2OH2S+4Na2O2+2H2O===Na2SO4+6NaOH酸性:H2S+Fe===FeS+H2↑6H2S+CuCl2===CuS↓+2HClH2S+Pb(CH3COO)2===PbS↓+2CH3COOHH2S+FeCl2===不反应H2S+2AgNO3===Ag2S↓+2HNO33.SO2与SO3酸性氧化物的通性:SO2+H2O===H2SO3SO3+H2O===H2SO4(要形成酸雾,常用98.3%的浓硫酸吸收三氧化硫)SO2+2NH3+H2O===(NH4)2SO3(这是硫酸厂回收SO2的反应.先用氨水吸收SO2,2NH4HSO3+H2SO4===(NH4)2SO4+2H2O+2SO2(生成的硫酸铵作化肥,SO2循环作原料气)SO2+Ca(OH)2===CaSO3+H2O(不能用澄清石灰水鉴别SO2和CO2.可用品红鉴别)SO3+Ca(OH)2===CaSO4+H2O还原性:2SO2+O2250VO450C2SO32SO2+O2+2H2O===2H2SO4(这是SO2在大气中缓慢发生的环境化学反应)SO2+X2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HX(X=Cl/Br/I)SO2+NO2===SO3+NO氧化性:SO2+2H2S===3S+2H2OSO3+2KI===K2SO3+I24、亚硫酸不稳定性:H2SO3===H2O+SO2↑氧化性:2H2SO3+2H2S===3S+2H2O还原性:H2SO3+X2+H2O===H2SO4+2HX(X表示Cl2,Br2,I2)2H2SO3+O2===2H2SO4H2SO3+H2O2===H2SO4+H2O5H2SO3+2KMnO4===2MnSO4+K2SO4+2H2SO4+3H2OH2SO3+2FeCl3+H2O===H2SO4+2FeCl2+2HCl3Na2SO3+2HNO3(稀)===3Na2SO4+2NO↑+H2O5.硫酸H2SO4(稀)+Fe===FeSO4+H2浓硫酸的氧化性:H2SO4+Fe(Al)室温下钝化6H2SO4(浓)+2Fe△Fe2(SO4)3+3SO2↑+6H2O2H2SO4(浓)+Cu△CuSO4+SO2↑+2H2O72H2SO4(浓)+C△CO2+2SO2↑+2H2O2H2SO4(浓)+S△3SO2↑+2H2OH2SO4(浓)+2HBr△SO2↑+Br2+2H2OH2SO4(浓)+2HI△SO2↑+I2+2H2OI2+2Na2S2O3===2NaI+Na2S4O6S2O32-+2H+===SO2+S+H2O三、氮及氮的化合物(△)NH3N2NONO2HNO3NH4Cl(NH4)2SO4NH4NO3(炸药)化肥HCl△CaONaOHH2ONH3·H2O H2(高温高压催化剂)Mg纯O2(点燃)CuO(△)NOx(催化剂)Ca(OH)2NaNO3(溶液)O2(放电)CO(催化剂)(催化剂)NH3O2O2+H2O△或光Cu、Ag(除Pt/Au外) (点燃)Mg3N2O2(Pt△)NaOHNaNO2NaNO3浓硫酸(△)KNO3S+C(△)H+HNO2存在化合态土壤NH4+/NO3-生物体中蛋白质游离态:空气加C除O2加压降温液态升温NH4++OH-A.N21.性质:由于N≡N键很牢固,通常状况下性质稳定,在高温、高压、放电等条件下,能与一些物质反应。1)氧化性3Mg+N2点燃Mg3N2(镁带能在空气、氮气、二氧化碳中燃烧)N2+3H202050MPa450C铁触媒 ̄ 2NH3(工业合成氨)2)还原性N2+O2放电2NO(2NO+O22NO23NO2+H2O2HNO3+NO雷雨发庄稼)2.制法NH4Cl+NaNO2△NaCl+N2↑+H2O(实验室制法)B.氨气1.性质(极易溶于水,1体积水溶700体积氨气)81)碱性:NH3+H2ONH3·H2ONH4++OH-(遇湿润红色石蕊试纸变蓝)NH3+HCl===NH4Cl(遇浓盐酸冒白烟)NH3+HNO3===NH4NO32NH3+H2SO4===(NH4)2SO4NH3+H2O+CO2+NaCl===NaHCO3↓+NH4Cl(侯氏制碱法)2)还原性:4NH3+5O24NO+6H2O(氨的催化氧化)4NH3+3O2(纯)点燃2N2+6H2O2NH3+3Cl2=N2+6HCl(8NH3+3Cl2===N2+6NH4Cl用氨水检验输氯管道是否漏气)2NH3+3CuO△3Cu+N2↑+3H2O4NH3+6NO催化剂5N2+6H2O(用氨清除NO)3)络合:Cu(OH)2+4NH3·H2O===Cu(NH3)42++4H2O+2OH-AgOH+2NH3·H2O===Ag(NH3)22++4H2O+OH-(CaCl2·6NH3氯化钙不能干燥氨气)2.制法2NH4Cl+Ca(OH)2△CaCl2+2H2O+2NH3↑(实验室制法)浓氨水加热或滴加到氢氧化钠固体或氧化钙固体都能制氨气C、铵盐:离子晶体易溶于水盐的通性:(遇碱放出氨气)氯化铵水解呈