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11.Drugsarechemicalsthatalterthefunctionoflivingsystemsbyinteractionsatthemolecularlevelandcanbeusedtoprevent,diagnoseandtreatdisease.2.Pharmacologymeansthestudyoftheruleandmechanismofmutualinteractionbetweendrugandbody.3.Pharmacodynamicsdescribesthemechanismofactionsofdrugonbody4.Pharmacokineticsdescribestheprocessandruleofdrugsdisposition,itmeanstheactionofbodyondrug.5.Passivetransportisdefinedasakindoftransportprocessinwhichdrugstransportfromaregionofhigherconcentrationtooneoflowerconcentration.6.SimplediffusionmeansthatdrugstransportedfromasideofmembranetoanthersideobeyingConcentrationgradient.7.Filtrationisdefinedasthetransportprocessinwhichdrugswhoseparticlesizeislessthanthemembranegapindiametermovefromthesideofhigherpressuretothatoflowerpressurebydintofliquidstaticpressureorosmoticpressuredisparity.8.Activetransportreferstothetransmembranemovementofdrugswiththeaidofspecialcarriersandtherequirementofenergyconsumption.9.Absorptionistheprocessinwhichdrugstransportfromthesiteofadministrationtothebloodcirculationafterextra-vascularadministration.10.Firstpasselimination:Somedrugsareinactivated/metabolizedintheGItractandliverbeforeenteringintothesystemiccirculationandresultinthereductionofactualdrugquantityenteringintosystemiccirculation.Thisprocessiscalledfirstpasselimination11.Distribution:drugsabsorbedinthebloodtransportfromthebloodtotissues.12.Tissuepartitioncoefficient:whenthedistributionreacheshomeostasis,theratioofthedrugconcentrationbetweentissuesandplasmaremainsconstant,calledtissuepartitioncoefficientofdrugs13.Excretion:theprocessofparentdrugsortheirmetabolitesbeingdischargedfrombodybysecretoryorgansisknownasexcretion14.Hepato-enteralcirculation:aportionofdrugsthosebeingcarriedtoduodenumviabilecanbereabsorbedviaepitheliaofsmallintestinesandentryintosystemiccirculationbywayofliver.Thiscyclealongliver,bile,smallintestineisknowashepato-enteralcirculation15.Apparentvolumeofdistributionmeanstheratioofinvivodrugquantityversusconcentrationinplasmawhenthedrugreachesdynamicequilibriuminthebody.16.Halflife:meanstheperiodoftimewhenthedrugconcentrationinplasmareducestoone-half.17.AUC:areaunderthecurve,indicatestheareaundertheconcentration-timecurve18.Bioavailability:indicatestherateandextentofabsorptionintothesystemiccirculationfollowingextravascularadministrationofdrugs19.Clearance:mansthevolumeofbodyfluidcontainingadrugthatcanbeeliminatedbythebodyinunittime.20.Maintenancedose:inmostclinicalsituations,drugsareadministeredinsuchawayastomaintainasteadystateofdruginthebody,i.e,justenoughdrugisgivenineachdosetoreplacethedrugeliminatedsincetheprecedingdose.21.Loadingdose:whenthetimetoreachsteadystateisappreciable,asitisfordrugswithlonghalf-lives,itmaybedesirabletoadministeraloadingdosethatpromptlyraisestheconcentrationofdruginplasmatothetargetconcentration.222.Pharmacodynamics23.Drugactionreferredtotheinitialinteractionbetweendrugandbody.24.Pharmacologicaleffectsisthephysiologicaleffectsinducedbydrugaction25.Stimulation:enhancementofthebodyfunctionisStimulation26.Inhibition:restraintordiminutionofthebodyfunctionisInhibition27.Etiologicaltherapy:Eliminationoftheetiologicalfactorstocurediseases28.Symptomatictherapy:Improvementofdiseasesymptomwithouteliminatingthecauseofthedisease29.Sidereaction:Intherangeoftherapeuticdosage,thedrugeffects,whicharenotrelatedtothecurrenttherapeuticpurpose,aredescribedassideeffects.30.Toxicreactioncanhappenedwhenthedoseofthedrugishighenoughordrugsarelongtermused.31.Allergicreactionisakindofresponseofthepatient’simmuno-systemtotheantigen.Itisnotdoserelatedandonlyoccurinafractionofthepopulation.32.Idiosyncraticreactionistheresultofabnormalreactivitytoadrugcausedbygeneticdifferences33.Secondaryreactionresultsfromlong-termusingofdrug.Normalflorahasbeeninhibitedandtheinsensitiveflorabecomesprominent34.Drugtolerancemeanstheresponsetothesamedoseofadrugdecreaseswithrepeateduses.35.Physicaldependenceisanadaptivephysiologicalstateproducedbyrepeateduseofadrug.Oncedrugadministrationisstopped,abstinencesyndromeswilloccur.36.Psychologicaldependenceisthefeelingofsatisfactionandpsychicdrivethatrequireperiodicorcontinuousadministrationofthedrugtoproduceadesiredeffectortoavoiddiscomfort.37.Gradedresponse:Inacertainrangeofdoses,thepharmacologicalresponseincreaseswiththeincreasingofdoses,suchasbloodpressure,musclecontraction,urinaryexcretionofsodium.38.Thresholddoseindicatestheleastamountofdrugneededtoexerttherapeutic,alsoasknowasminimaleffectivedose39.Efficacydescribesthemaximalbiologicalresponseproducedbyadrug40.Concentrationfor50%ofmaximaleffect(EC50):Theconcentrationthatgiveriseto50%ofmaximaleffect41.Potencyisatermdescribingthecomparativeexpressionofadrugactivitymeasuredintermsofdoserequiredtoproduceaparticulareffectofgivenintensityrelatedtoagivenstandardreference.42.Quantalresponse:Indicatethatagivendoseofadrughasorhasnotevokedacertaineffectinthevarioussubjectsunderinvestigation.43.LD50:Adosethatgivesrisetothedeathof50%ofsubjectsiscalledLD5044.TI:therapeuticindex.TI=LD50/ED50.Itisakindofindexevaluat