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11.1TheConceptofInternationalTrade国际贸易的观念Internationaltradeistheexchangeofgoodsandservicesproducedinonecountryforthoseproducedinanothercountry.Inmostcasescountriesdonottradetheactualthegoodsandservices.Rathertheyusetheincomeormoneyfromthesaleoftheirproductstobuytheproductsofanothercountry.1.2IntroductiontoInternationalPaymentsandSettlementsInternationalpaymentsandsettlementsarefinancialactivitiesconductedamongdifferentcountriesinwhichpaymentsareeffectedorfundsaretransferredfromonecountrytoanotherinordertoclearrelationsofdebts.国际支付与结算是指为清偿国际间的债权债务关系或跨国转移资金而发生在不同国家之间的货币收付活动。1.2categories(分类)(1)、AccordingtothecauseofinternationalsettlementInternationaltradesettlement(国际贸易结算)Internationaltradesettlementiscreatedonthebasisofsalesofcommodities.国际贸易结算是指有形贸易活动（即由商品的进出口）引起的货币收付活动.（主要形式）Internationalnon-tradesettlement(国际非贸易结算)invisibletrade无形交易financialtransaction金融业务paymentbetweengovernments政府间的款项others其他业务(2)、AccordingtowhethercashisusedCashsettlement(现金结算)Internationalpaymentsiseffectedbyshippingpreciousmetalstakingtheformofcoins,barsorbullionstoorfromthetradingcountries.Non-cashsettlement(非现金结算)Internationalpaymentissettledbywayoftransferringfundsthroughtheaccountsopenedinthesebanks.Fourmajorclearingsystemsintheworld(四大清算系统)2.1SWIFT(SocietyforWorldwideInterbankFinancialTelecommunication)SWIFTisaserviceorganizationestablishedtomeetanumberofspecializedserviceneedsrelatingtointerbankfinancialcommunicationsthroughadedicateddataprocessingandtelecommunicationsystem.Membership会员制Lowexpenses低费用Security安全性Standardised标准化2.2CHIPS(TheClearingHouseInterbankPaymentSystem).纽约清算所同业支付系统2.3CHAPS（ClearingHouseAutomatedPaymentSystem）伦敦银行同业自动支付系统2.4TATGET（Trans-EuropeanAutomatedReal-TimeGross-SettlementExpressTransfer）泛欧实时全额自动清算系统3.1CorrespondentBank代理银行Correspondentbankingisanarrangementunderwhichonebank(correspondent)holdsdepositsownedbyotherbanks(respondents)andprovidespaymentandotherservicestothoserespondentbanks.Sucharrangementsmayalsobeknownasagencyrelationshipsinsomedomesticcontexts.是接受其他国家或地区的银行委托，代办国际结算业务或提供其他服务，并建立相互代理业务关系的银行。2。EstablishmentofacorrespondentbankControldocuments可控制的文件Correspondentarrangement建立代理关系Specimenofauthorizedsignatures印鉴，是银行有权签字人的签字式样。Telegraphictestkey/SWIFTauthentickey密押是用于识别银行电讯文件的数字密码。Scheduleoftermsandconditions费率表是银行在办理业务时收费的依据。CreditInstrumentsforfour四种常用于国际结算的信用票据Negotiableinstrument可转让的票据Negotiableinstrument,alsoknownascreditinstrument,isanunconditionalorderorpromisetopayacertainamountofmoney.Itcaneasilybetransferable.Functions(票据的功能)Asameansofpayment;付款方式Asacreditinstrument;信用票据Asameansoffinance.金融工具Asatransferableinstrument;可转让的票据BillofExchange汇票Abillofexchangeisdefinedofficiallyasanunconditionalorderinwriting,addressedbyonepersontoanother,signedbythefirstperson,requiringthesecondpersontowhomitisaddressedtopayondemand,oratafixedordeterminablefuturetime,acertainamountofmoney,to,ortotheorderof,aspecifiedpersonortothebearer.无条件的书面命令汇票是由一个人(drawer)向另一个人(drawee)签发的，要求受票人见票时或在未来某一规定的或可以确定的时间(tenor)将一定金额的款项支付给某一特定的人或其指定人，或持票人(payee)。Essentialsofabillofexchange绝对必要事项：Suchwordsas“billofexchange”exchange;draftorso书面写有汇票字样Anunconditionalorderinwriting无条件的支付命令nameandaddressofthedrawee(addresseepayer)付款人名字和地址signatureorstampofthedrawer出票人的签名和盖章dateoftheissue开立的日期Aboutsomedollars确定的金额nameorbusinessentityofthepayee收款人的名字或商务实体Actsofabillofexchange汇票的票据行为Issue/draw（出票）drawandsignadraft出票人写汇票并且签字2、deliverittothepayee出票人将汇票交付给收款人Endorsement（背书）Whentheholderofadraftwantstotransferorpassitstitletoanotherperson,heshouldsignonthebackofthedraftanddeliverittotheendorsee.It‟sanactofnegotiation.（1）背书人不再是票据的持票人，需向其后手承担担保承兑和付款的责任。（2）被背书人成为持票人，享有票据权利Presentation（提示）Presentforacceptance提示承兑我国见票给付1个月期限Presentforpayment提示付款日内瓦规定到期日前后两个营业日Acceptance（承兑）3Acceptanceofadraftisasignificationbythedraweeofhisassenttotheordergivenbythedrawer.Heengages,bysigninghisnameacrossthefaceofthebillthathewillpaywhenitfallsdue（到期）.Payment（付款）债务人完成债券的偿还Dishonor（拒付或退票）Actofdishonorisafailureorrefusaltomakeacceptanceonorpaymentofadraftwhenpresented.拒绝承兑；拒绝付款；避而不见；死亡；破产，被责令Recourse（追索）objecttorecourse:drawer,endorser,acceptor,otherdebtororder:inorderornotinorder;normallydirectlytothedrawer持有合格的票据；持票人尽责（提示）；发生拒付Guarantee（保证）guarantor：athirdparty保证人是第三方warrantee：drawer,acceptor,endorser被保证人是出票人，承兑人，背书人Suminmoneyrecoursed:追索需要的费包括21.Paramount(interestincluded);Lostinterest3.Chargesresultfromnoticeofdishonorandprotest汇票的贴现:持票人在票据到期前为获取现款向银行贴付一定的利息所做的票据转让。贴现的计算：贴现净值＝到期价值－贴现利息贴现利息D＝（V×t×r）/TV—到期价值t—贴现日到到期日的天数r—年贴现率T—1年的基础天数（360天计）带息应收票据利息的计算公式为：应收票据利息=应收票据面值×利率×期限应收票据到期价值=应收票据面值×(1十利率×期限)“期限”是指票据签发日至到期日的间隔时间。AdraftwasissuedonJuly30th,2008.TheparvaluewastenthousandRMB,therateofinterestperannumwas8%.Thetenorwas3monthsaftersightandthedraweeaccepteditonAugust27th,2008.Theholderdiscountedthedraftattherateof10%perannumonSeptember19th,2008.Howmuchcantheholderreceive?到期价值＝（10000×8％×120）/360＋10000＝10266.67元贴现利息＝（10266.67×10％×69）/360＝196.78元贴现净值＝10266.67－196.78＝10069.89元categoriesofdraft汇票的种类（1）accordingtodrawerbanker‟sbilltradebill（2）accordingtowhetherdocume