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3:,:,,,;,,,,,,,,?:3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(White,1987:254),551,(Thurston,1987)20,,,,,(,1994;Walder,1986;Shue,1988),,,(theprofessionalsphere),(pro2fessionalassociations),(1),1999-2003,,,199925.4%200328.4%,,?,,,,,?6512005.2,(Crawford,1995:3-42;Comisso,1995:200-238;Geddes,1995:239-274;Harter&Easters,2000;Crawford&Lijphart,1997)(1994)(Schwartz,1968)(totalitarianism),(totalism),,,,(Walder,1986;Shue,1988),,,?,,1(1999-2002):,2000-2004::,,,,2050-7030,,(Parsons,1949)207080,,,(Derber,1982;Spangler,1986;Perkin,19891996;Torstendahl&Burrage,1990:71-96),(Perkin,1996)90751,,,(Inglehart,1990;Giddens,1994;Eder,1993),,,,,,(Black,1984:135-189),(Krause,1991:3),,,,(Poulantzas,1978;Konrad&Szeleny,1979;Gouldner,1979;Foucault,1978),,,,,(),(statebuild2ing),:;,(Krause,1991:10;Bertilsson,1991:114-133),(),;,(Krause,1991:10),,,8512005.2,,,(Hollingsworth,1986),,,,(professionalism)(Hus2key,1986),,:2080,(Holmes,1983;Geison,1984;Cleaves,1987;Jarausch,1990;Malatesta,1995;Johnson,etal.,1995;Krause,1996),(Buchner2Jeziorska&Evetts,1997:61-72;Nigenda&Solorza2no,1997:73-99),,:,,;,,(Krause,1991:4):C.,951,(Powell&DiMaggio,1991),,,,(Hollingsworth,1986)(Schmitter,1974:86),6:1.;2.;3.;4.;5.,;6.(Schmitter,1974:93-94),,;,(Wiarda,1997),(Schmitter,1974:103),6,,;,;,,,;,,,(,1998:28-29),,,,,,,,,,,,,0612005.2,,,(,2004:43)(1),,,,,,,,,,,,(Schmitter,1974:105)1:Schmitter,1974,pp.103-104.,,,,2,,,161,,(Malloy,1977;Stepan,1978;Wiarda,1981;Laothamatas,1992;McNamara,1999),,,(),,2(),,(),,,,,,,,,,,2612005.2:,,,,,,19509,,,(,1999),,,,(departmentalism,),,,,()1979,,,(socialgroupings),,1979,,2080,80,7,48%;(Pei,1998:291-294),,,,,,361(),,,,,,,,,(patron2clientties)(clientelism),1989,,198910,,199810,,,,,,,,,,19984612005.2,(Pierson,2000:251-267)Schmidtetal.,1977,,,1989:(Oi,1989),,clientelism,,,2080,,(Gu,1998:271-301),3,6,,,,,,,,(peakorganizations),,,,,;,,,,319981.,13:,2.19:3.2:;9:,4.2728:,;19:,;24:,,;2228:,:,1998,,56119891998,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(12),,2001-2003,2,80%,203,,,,;(),,?4,6612005.2;,,,,2():,,,44.4%,46.1%,6.5%,1.4%,,1.7%,,,,5,;,(),,1P37613():4:,,,,8612005.2,15%,,,,5:,,,6,,,,,,,;961,:,,;,(),6:,7,2000,77%1P37%,1P32P33%,2P313%,,,,,,,,(),,:,,0712005.27(2000):,,,80%,,,,();,,,:?:,?,,,(Wiarda,1997:15),,,,171,?,:,,(Arato,1981:23-47;Keane,1988);,(Evansetal.,1985);,(Evans,1995;Migdaletal.,1994;Wang,1999:231-249;Migdal,2001),,,,(),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,:,2004,,:,1999,,:2712005.2,1998,,:,1994,,:Arato,Andrew1981,CivilSocietyagainsttheState:Poland1980-1981.Telos,No.47.Bertilsson,Margareta1991,TheWelfareState,TheProfessionsandCitizens.inTorstendahl&Burrage(eds.),TheFormationofProfessions:Knowledge,StateandStrategy.NewburyPark,C.A:SagePublications.Black,Anthony1984,GuildsandCivilSocietyinEuropeanPoliticalThoughtfromtheTwelfthCenturytothePresent.Ithaca:CornellUniversityPress.BuchnerJeziorska,Anna&JuliaEvetts1997,RegulatingProfessionals:ThePolishExample.Interna2tionalSociology,Vol.12,No.1Cleaves,PeterS.1987,ProfessionsandtheState.Phoexin:UniversityofArizonaPress.Cocks,Geoffrey&KonradH.Jarausch(eds.)1990,GermanProfessions,1980-1950.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress.Comisso,Ellen1995,LegaciesofthePastorNewInstitutions?TheStruggleoverRestituteinHungary.ComparativePoliticalStudies,Vol.28,No.2Crawford,Beverly&ArendLijphart(eds.)1997,LiberalizationandLeninistLegacies:ComparativePer2spectivesonDemocraticTransition.Berkeley:InstituteofInternationalandAreaStudies.Crawford,Beverly(ed.)1995,Markets,States,andDemocracy:ThePoliticalEconomyofPost2Commu2nistTransformation.Boulder:WestView.Derber,Charles(ed.)1982,ProfessionalsasWorkers.Boston:G.K.Hall.Eder,Klaus1993,TheNewPoliticsofClass:SocialMovementsandCulturalDynamicsinAdvancedSoci2eties.NewburyPark,C.A.:SagePublications.Evans,Peter,DietrichRueschemeyer&ThedaSkocpol(eds.)1985,BringtheStateBackIn.NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress.Evans,Peter(ed.)1995,State2societySynergy:GovernmentandSocialCapitalinDevelopment.Berkeley:InstituteofInternationalandAreaStudies.Foucault,Michel1978,DisciplineandPunish.NewYork:Vintage.Geddes,Barbara1995,AComparativePerspectiveontheLeninistLegacyinEasternEurope.Compara2tivePoliticalStudies,Vol.28,No.2.Geison,GeraldL.(ed.)1984,ProfessionsandtheFrenchState,1700-1900.Philadelphia:UniversityofPennsylvaniaPress.Giddens,Anthony1994,BeyondLeftandRight:TheFutureofRadicalPolitics.Stanford:StanfordUniver2sityPress.Gouldner,AlvinW.1979,TheFutureofIntellectualsandtheRiseoftheNewClass.NewYork:SeaburyPress.GuXin1998,PluralInstitutionalismandtheEmergenceofIntellectualPublicSpacesinContemporaryChina.JournalofContemporaryChina,Vol.7,No.18.Harter,Stafanie&GeraldEaster(eds.)2000,ShapingtheEconomicSpaceinRussia:DecisionMaking371Processes,InstitutionsandAdjustmenttoChangeintheEltsinEra.Aldershot:AshgatePublishing.Hollingsworth,RogerA.1986,PoliticalEconomyofMedicine:BritainandtheUnitedStates.Baltimore:JohnsHopkinsUniversityPress.Holmes,Geoffrey1983,AugustanEngland:Professions,StateandSociety,1680-1730.NewYork:Har2percollins.Huskey,Eugene1986,RussianLawyersandtheSovietState.Princeton:PrincetonUniversityPress.Inglehart,Ronald1990,CulturalShiftinAdvancedIndustrialSociety.Pr