隧道风险管理(中英对照)

RISKMANAGEMENTFORTUNNELS隧道风险管理1.INTRODUCTIONThemainrisksduringoperationareinflowofwater,earthquakes,collapseandaboveallfire.Themostprobablelossscenarioforundergroundtrafficfacilities(tunnels,railwaystations)isanuncontrollablefire.Therearetwomaincausesfortunnelsfire:eithertheyarecausedbytechnicaldefectsortheyaretheresultofatrafficaccident.Whenafireburntoutofcontrol,peopleareinacutedangeronaccountofthetoxicfumes,immenseheat,severelyrestrictedvisibility,andinadequatepossibilitiesforescapeandevacuationandasaresultofpaniconpartofthoseaffects.Fireis20timesmorelikelytobreakoutinaroadtunnelthaninarailwaytunnel.1．简介运营中主要风险是进水、地震、倒塌，当然最重要的是火灾。对于地下交通设施（隧道、地铁站），最有可能的损失情况是失去控制的火灾。隧道火灾有两个主要原因，技术缺陷和交通事故。当火灾发生并失去控制时，人们会面临极大的危险，由于：有毒气体、强烈的热度、严重的视觉限制，微小的逃生和撤退的可能和由于上面原因引起的恐慌后果。2.LOSSANALYSISANDSTATISTICSHISTORICALTUNNELFIRESCause(fireload)Trainderailed,locomotivefireKitchenfireindiningcarCollisionCollision,lorry(ether)Tankertruckcollision(33,000litersoffuel)Lorryfire(plasticsheeting)Crashinvolving3lorriesand5cars(fuel)FirecausedbydiscardedmatchCrashShort-circuitintheelectricalsystemofoneofthewagonsTankertruckcollidedwithrearofminibusandexplodedLorryfireonfreighttrainBusfireLorryfire(margarine,flour),fireduetotechnicaldefectsCollisionbetween2carsand1lorry;lorrydoesnotcometoahaltatroadworks(paint)ProbablytechnicaldefectinheatingfanCollisionbetween2lorriesFirestartedinawagonbyanarsonistTunnelwasequippedwithfollowingsafetyfeatures:Hydrantsandfire-fightingequipmentevery106mRefugechamberswithtwoportablefireextinguishersandatelephoneevery212mSidebaysevery848mVideosurveillanceFiredetectionsystemVentilationsystem:4sectors(3freshair;1exhaustair)—Freshair:Maximum190m3/sperkm—Exhaustair:Maximum115m3/sperkm2.损失分析和统计数据历史隧道火灾情况起因(火灾)列车出轨、机车火灾餐车厨房火灾碰撞碰撞，铁路货车（醚）运油卡车碰撞(33,000升燃料)货车火灾(塑料覆盖)包括3台货车和5台轿车的碰撞(燃料)丢弃火柴引起的火灾撞击货车电子系统的短路运油卡车撞击小型公共汽车的尾部，并引起爆炸定班货车的火灾公共汽车火灾货车的火灾(人造黄油、面粉),技术缺陷引起的火灾2台轿车和1台货车碰撞，货车没有在路障作用下停止（油漆）可能的加热扇技术缺陷2台货车的碰撞由货车纵火引起的火灾隧道需安装以下安全措施：每106米安装消防栓和灭火设备每212米设置避难所，配备两台便携式灭火器每848米设置路边停车处录像监控火灾探测系统通风系统：4套（3套用于新鲜空气，1套用于废气排出）—新鲜空气：最大为每千米每秒190立方米—废气排出：最大为每千米每秒115立方米3.SAFETYCONCEPTSFORTUNNELS(ROAD/RAILTUNNELS,UNDERGROUNDRAILWAYANDRAPID-TRANSITRAILWAYSYSTEMS)Head-to-tailcollisionsinsingle-boreroadtunnelsusuallyoccurattimeswithhightrafficdensitysothatfollowingvehiclescannotcometoahaltquicklyenough.3.隧道安全内容（公路/铁道隧道、地铁、快速运输铁路系统）在单孔公路隧道里发生的首尾连接的碰撞主要发生在交通高峰时段，紧随其后的车辆无法快速停止导致碰撞。1.ComparisonbetweentunnelsandbuildingsThebuildingcodeforundergroundstructureandtheequipmentstandardsinGermanySafetymeasuresBuildingregulationsRoadtunnelsRailtunnelsUndergroundrailwaytunnelsEmergencyexits/escapehatches25-35m,dependingonthebuildingEvery350masfromalengthof700mLengthofescaperoutenormally500mtothenearestemergencyexitLengthofescaperoutenormally300mtothenearestemergencyexitFirebrigadeaccessForbuildingbetween7and22mhighTothetunnelentranceandemergencyexitsTothetunnelentranceandemergencyexitsTothestationentranceandemergencyexitsWallhydrantsOver30mEvery175mAteachendofthestation.eachwith60mofdimensionallystablehoseExtinguishing-waterpipe,drytypeBuildingheight:60mEvery175masfromatunnellengthof1050mFromeachendofthestation100mintothetunnelwithBconnectionevery50mResponsetime10minutesfromreceivingtheemergencycalltoarrivalonthesceneVentilation/smokeexhaustventingStairwells,specialstructuresinaccordancewithregulationsOver1050m(fireloadfrom60to150MW)LocksinrescuetunnelsandshaftsProtectionsfocusonthefollowingobjectivesPersonalprotectionforvictimsandemergencypersonnelProtectionofproperty(integrityofthetunnelstructure,infrastructure)Disastercontrol(preventingfirefromspreadinguncontrollably)FireprotectionplaninGermanyarebasedontheVdSguideline(VdS-AssociationofPropertyInsurers)amongothers.Internationally,theyarebasedonNFPAstandards(NationalFireProtectionAssociation,NFPA130,502),forexample.Thefollowingelementinparticularmustbereconsiderediftunnelsaretobeeffectivelyprotectedagainstfire:firedetection,escapeandrescueroutes,ventilationsystem,fireextinguishingsystemandtunnelfiredepartment.1.隧道和建筑物的比较地下建筑和设备的标准采用德国规范安全措施建筑物规范公路隧道铁路隧道地铁隧道紧急出口/逃生开口25-35米,取决于建筑物本身700米以上的隧道，每350米设置正常的到最近的紧急出口的逃生路线长度为500米正常的到最近的紧急出口的逃生路线长度为300米消防队进入对于建筑物，7米到22米之间隧道入口和紧急出口隧道入口和紧急出口车站入口和紧急出口墙壁消防栓超过30米每175米每个车站末端，每个消防栓配备覆盖60米的消防水管灭火管道，干性灭火器建筑物高度：60米长于1050米的隧道，每175米设置每一个车站末端进入隧道100米，每50米进行B型连接反应时间收到信号后10分钟到达现场通风/烟雾排出楼梯间，根据规范建造的特殊结构超过1050米(火灾载荷为60到150兆瓦)安装在救援隧道和竖井保护将着眼于以下目的：对受害人和救援人员的个人保护财产保护（隧道结构，基础设施）灾害控制（防止火灾失去控制蔓延）德国的火灾防护计划基于VdS方针（VdS—财产保险人联盟）。国际上是基于NFPA标准（国家火灾防护协会，NFPA130,502）如果隧道想有效的防护火灾，以下方面必须特别考虑：火灾保护系统，逃生和救援通道，通风系统，火灾扑灭系统和隧道防火部门。2.FireprotectionIntunnel,asinthecaseofbuildings,itisessentialthatafirebedetectedwithanaccuracyofafew(2-4)metersbeforeatotalfirebreaksoutinavehicle,i.e.withinafewminutes.2.火灾保护如同在建筑物中一样，在隧道中精确距离上（2-4米）及时探测到火灾是非常必要的，这要在车辆火灾完全爆发前的几分钟之内完成。3.EscapeandrescueroutesAsecondescaperoutedoesnotexistinsingle-boretunnels,duetotheirdesign.Consequently,themaximumdistanceforescapingcannotbemaintained.Thismakesthedemandfortwotubeswithcorrespondingpassages(escapeandrescueroutes)und