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非谓语动词作状语一、分词作状语1．分词作状语的基本原则分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。分词作状语必须和句中主语含有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系，否则不能使用分词作状语。1)_____fromthetopofthetower,thesouthfootofthemountainisaseaoftrees.2)_____fromthetopofthetower,wecanfindthesouthfootofthemountainisaseaoftrees.A.SeenB.SeeingC.HaveseenD.Tosee2．分词作状语的句法功能：分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连词while或when引出。Hearingthenews,theygotexcited.(时间)Becarefulwhile/whencrossingthestreet.(时间)Havingbeenbittenbyasnake,shewasfrightenedatit.(原因)Givenachance,Icansurprisetheworld.(条件)Thecupdroppedtotheground,breakingintopieces.(结果)Havingbeentoldmanytimes,hestillrepeatedthesamemistake.(让步)Theteachercameintothelab,followedbysomestudents.(伴随状况)Heated,waterchangesintosteam.United,westand;divided,wefall.Seriouslyinjured,hehadtobetakentohospital.Shewalkedoutofthehouse,followedbyherlittledaughter.二、不定式作状语1.表目的：有时候用inordertodo/soastodo(不用于句首)Hegotupearlyinordertocatchthefirstbus.Thebusstoppedsoastopickuppassengers.Inordertoarrivebeforedark,westartedearly.2.表原因：在某些形容词作表语，表示喜、怒、衷、乐后跟不定式表示原因：easy,difficult,hard,cheap,expensive,fit,comfortable,heavy,good,important,impossible,dangerous,surprised,astonished,delighted,disappointedIamgladtohearthenews.Iamsosorrytohearyourmotherisill.3.表结果Shewentabroadnevertoreturn.MygrandmotherlivedtoseetheliberationofChina.1)soadj.astodo/such…asto…Hewassoangryastobeunabletospeak.Wearenotsuchfoolsastobelievehim.2)too…to…,enoughtodo…等结构表示结果Thisbookiseasyenoughformetoread.Theiceisthickenoughtowalkon.Sheistootiredtodothejob.3)onlyto…(表未曾料到的结果)Theyliftedarockonlytodropitontheirownfeet.Iwenttoseehimonlytofindhimout.注意：动词作结果作状语表示未曾预料的结果，而现在分词作结果状语表示自然而然或必然的结果。Herhusbanddiedin1942,leavingherwithfivechildren.Thebuswasheldupbysnowstorm,thuscausingthedelay.三、独立成分作状语特殊的独立结构有些非谓语形式已成为固定用语，用来表示说话人对说话内容所特的态度。1)现在分词的独立结构judgingfrom/by…;generally/strictly/franklyspeaking;accordingto;including;owingto…;talking/speakingof…(谈及)2)过去分词的独立结构given…(考虑到…);providedthat…(如果…)3)不定式的独立结构totellyouthetruth;tomakethingsworse;tobeginwith/tostartwith/tobefrank4)动词原形believeitornot(信不信由你)5)作连词的分词,这些词用来表示条件的连词，后接that从句。considering(考虑到，就…而言)，providing/provided…假如，supposing假如非谓语动词做状语(选用所给词的正确形式填空：pass,compare,follow,follow,walk,dress,lose)_________apostoffice,Istoppedtobuysomestamps._________withtheoldone,thenewbuildinglookspretty._________byagroupofstudents,theprofessorcamein._________thestudents,theprofessorcamein._________inthestreet,hespottedhisbestfriend._________inanewskirt,shestoodoutattheparty._________inthestrangecity,thelittlegirlwasscared.PassingComparedFollowedFollowingWalkingDressedLost四、独立主格结构作状语：位置灵活，常用逗号与句子主题分开，在句中常作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随、目的等，还可以作定语。独立主格结构的构成：①名词(代词)＋现在分词(与前面构成主动关系)：Weatherpermitting,wearegoingtovisityoutomorrow.②名词(代词)＋过去分词(与前面构成被动关系)：Thetestfinished,webeganourholiday.③名词(代词)＋不定式(表将来)：Therebeingnobus,wehadtowalkhome.④名词(代词)＋副词：Hecameintotheroom,hisearsredwithcold.⑤名词(代词)＋形容词：Thefirm,itselfimmense,didnotdisdainthepettyretaildealing.这家公司尽管规模很大，但并不轻视这笔小零售生意。⑥名词(代词)＋介词短语：Hecameoutofthelibrary,alargebookunderhisarm.⑦名词(代词)＋名词：Thevillagers,mostofthemwomenandchildren,werekilledthatnight.【题型一】利用黄金法则分析法解题1.Allthetask____aheadoftime,theydecidedtogoonholidayforaweek.A.hadbeenfinishedB.werefinishedC.havingbeenfinishedD.hasbeenfinished2._____manytimes,buthestillcouldn'tunderstandit.3.___manytimes,hestillcouldn'tunderstandit.A.HavingbeentoldB.ToldC.HewastoldD.Thoughhetold4._____Imethim,Ithoughthewasaseriousman.A.ForthefirsttimeB.ThefirsttimeC.ItwasthefirsttimeD.Bythefirsttime五、“黄金法则”——谓语单一性法则【题型二】与独立主格的结合(1)Theyputforwardalotofplansatthemeeting,noneof_________carriedoutintheirwork.(2)Theyputforwardalotofplansatthemeeting,noneof_________werecarriedoutintheirwork.(3)Theyputforwardalotofplansatthemeeting,butnoneof_________werecarriedoutintheirwork.A.whichB.themC.whatD.that