给水排水专业英语课件(李田)4

1NBA——NationalBasketballAssociationCivilRightsActUnit4TheNationalSafeDrinkingWaterAct2Newwordsandexpressionsactn.法案，法令contaminantn.污染物contaminatepollutantprovisionn.规定条款，提供供给freeflowingn.自重流动outletn.出口排水口turbidadj.混浊的脏的混乱的turbidityn.浊度混浊Servicestation加油站维修站inorganicadj.无机的3microbiologicaladj.微生物学的radioactivityn.放射性放射能Wehavetolearntocontrolradioactivity.amendmentn.修正案改正修改compulsoryadj.必修的,被强迫的,被强制的,义务的disinfectionn.消毒leadn.铅conveyancen.运输运输工具车辆conveyStipulatev.规定,保证stipulateadateofpaymentandaprice.interimadj.中间的,临时的,间歇的n.中间时期,过渡时期,暂定4Newwordsandexpressionspromulgatevt.发布,公布,传播volatileadj.挥发性的,可变的,不稳定的syntheticadj.合成的,人造的,综合的disinfectionbyproductsn.消毒副产物radionucliden.放射性核nuclide核素coliformn.大肠菌benzenen.苯chloriden.氯化物漂白粉chlorine氯carbontetrachloriden.四氯化碳dichloroethylenen.二氯乙烯ethylenen.[化]乙烯,乙烯基5dichloroethanen.二氯乙烷ethanen.乙烷trichloroethanen.三氯乙烷trichloroethylenen.三氯乙烯vinyln.乙烯基CH2＝CH–derivedfromethylenebyremovalofahydrogenatomvinylchloride氯乙烯CH:CHClpolyvinylchlorideaerationn.通风,通气packedtoweraeration吹脱填料塔granularadj颗粒的粒状的activatevt.刺激,使活动granularactivatedcarbon粒状活性碳6PresidentFordsignedtheNationalSafeDrinkingWaterAct(SDWA)onDecember16,1974.Thepurposeofthelegislationistoensurethatthewatersupplysystemsservingthepublicmeetminimumnationalstandardsfortheprotectionofpublichealth.1-17TheactisdesignedtoachieveuniformsafetyandqualityofdrinkingwaterintheUnitedStatesbyidentifyingcontaminantsandestablishingmaximumacceptablelevelsforthecontaminants.1-28Themajorprovisionsoftheactwithrespecttoestablishingstandardsfordrinkingwaterqualityare:(1)theestablishmentofprimaryregulationsfortheprotectionofthepublichealth;and(2)theestablishmentofsecondaryregulationsthatarerelatedtotaste,odor,andappearanceofdrinkingwater.1-39Congresswasclearinitsintentintheestablishmentofprimaryregulations.1-410TheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(USEPA)hasdefinedthemaximumcontaminantlevel(MCL)asthemaximumpermissiblelevelofacontaminantinawaterwhichisdeliveredtoafreeflowingoutletoftheultimateuserofapublicwatersystem.2-1gravityflowpressureflow11Themaximumpermissiblelevelinturbidwatersismeasuredatthepointofentryintothedistributionsystem.2-2thedistributionsystem=thewaterdistributionsystem12Apublicwatersystemisanysystemfortheprovisiontothepublicofpipedwaterforhumanconsumption,ifsuchsystemhasatleast15serviceconnectionsorregularlyservesanaverageofatleast25individualsdailyatleast60daysoutoftheyear.2-313Notethatthisdefinitionincludesprivatebusinessessuchasservicestations,restaurants,motels,andothersthatserveover25personsperday.2-414InJuly1977,thePrimaryDrinkingWaterRegulationssetmaximumcontaminantlevelsforinorganicchemicals,organicchemicals,turbidity,microbiologicalcontaminants,andradioactivity.3-115NewamendmentstotheSDWAweresignedintolawbythepresidentonJune19,1986.Priortothattime,anumberofcontaminantshadyettoberegulated.Furthermore,onlyafewrevisionsofexistingregulationshadbeenmade,althoughtheSDWArequiredareviewoftheregulationsatleasteverythreeyears.4-116WiththeSDWAamendmentsandincreasedeffortsbyEPAtosetnewstandards,morecompleteregulationofdrinkingwaterisnowunderway.4-217Themajoraspectsofthe1986amendmentstotheSafeDrinkingWaterActinclude:－CompulsoryrevisionstotheDrinkingWaterRegulationsinatimelyfashionfornewcontaminants;－Definitionofatreatmenttechniqueforeachcontaminantregulated;5-1CompulsorycourseOptionalcourse18－Requirementofatreatmenttechniquewhereitisnotfeasibletoascertainthelevelforthoseregulatedcontaminantsinwater－Filtrationrequirementforsurfacewatersupplieswithcertainexceptions－Disinfectionofallwatersupplies;5-219－Prohibitionofuseofleadproductsinallconveyancesfordrinkingwater;－Requirementforprotectionofgroundwatersources.5-320The1986amendmentsstipulatethateachnationalinterimprimarydrinkingwaterregulationorrevisedprimarydrinkingwaterregulationpreviouslypromulgatedisnowanationalprimarydrinkingwaterregulation(NPDWR).6-121Furthermore,eachrecommendedmaximumcontaminantlevel(RMCL)publishedpriortotheamendmentsbecameamaximumcontaminantlevelgoal(MCLG).6-222TheMCLGsareexpectedthattheywouldresultinnoknownoranticipatedadversehealtheffects,andarenotenforceable.Sinceenactmentoftheamendments,anyNPDWRthatestablishesanMCLmustalsosimultaneouslypublishanMCLGatthetimeofproposedrulemakingandpromulgation.6-323EPAhasestablishedseveralclassesofcompoundstoberegulated.Thesegroupsofcompoundstendtodividethecontaminantsbycommonchemicals,bycommontreatmenttechniques,orbycommonformationpathways.7-124ThisgroupingalsoallowedEPAtosetupaschedulefordevelopmentoftheseregulationsallowingthemsufficienttimetoevaluateeachclass.7-225Theseclassesare:volatileorganicchemicals(VOCs);syntheticorganicchemicals(SOCs);surfacewatertreatmentrule(SWTR);inorganicchemicals(IOCs);leadandcopper;disinfectionbyproducts(DBPs);radionuclide;andcoliformrule.7-3VolatileFattyAcid=VFASyntheticwastewater26Atimetableissetfortheregulatorycompliancescheduleforimplementationoftheregulations.7-4regulatorycompliance规范化27Takingtheclassofvolatileorganicchemicals(