给水排水专业英语课件(李田)5

1Unit5LegislationandRegulationforWaterPollutionControl2NewwordsandexpressionsCincinnatin.辛辛那提oilyadj.含油的油状的；油腔滑调的dischargen.放出；流出；排出；放电器；vi.流出排放。cornerstonen.基础基石municipaladj.市政的，市立的,地方性的,地方自治的municipalityn.市政当局,自治市subsidyn.助学金;津贴;补助金;奖金;subsidizevt.资助,津贴pollutern.污染者；污染物质；污染源mandaten.命令,训令,要求carryoutamandatevt.托管；授权；批准。grantvt.同意,准予,批准grantarequest.n.补助金；助学金；赠款；津贴3ambientadj.周围的；n.周围环境amendv.修正,改进,改正toamendadocumentviolatevt.干扰,违反,妨碍,侵犯violatealawattainableadj.可到达的,可得到的propagationn.动植物繁殖,传播propagatevt.繁殖,传播,宣传。dischargern.排污对象affordabilityn.经济上的可承受性endorsev.在(票据)背面签名,签注(文件),认可,签署waterborneadj.水上的，水生的。biochemicaladj.生物化学的toxicadj.有毒的,中毒的atoxicdrug毒药SupremeCourt最高法院attorneyn.律师,(业务或法律事务上的)代理人。lawyerprosecutev.告发,起诉4ThefederalroleinwaterpollutioncontrolbeganwiththePublicHealthServiceActof1912.ThisactestablishedtheStreamsInvestigationStationatCincinnatitocarryoutwaterpollutionresearch.TheOilPollutionActwaspassedin1924topreventoilydischargesoncoastalwaters.1-156Duringthe1930sand1940s,therewasacontinuingdebateoverwhetherthefederalgovernmentshouldtakeagreaterroleincontrollingwaterpollution.ThisdebateledtothelimitedexpansionoffederalpowersexpressedintheWaterPollutionControlActof1948.1-27TheFederalWaterPollutionControlAct(FWPCA)of1956wasthecornerstoneofearlyfederaleffortstoreducepollution.Keyelementsoftheactincludedanewprogramofsubsidiesformunicipaltreatmentplantconstructionandanexpandedbasisforfederallegalactionagainstpolluters.1-3MunicipalEngineeringWastewaterTreatmentPlant8Increasedfundingforstatewaterpollutioncontroleffortsandnewsupportforresearchandtrainingactivitieswerealsoprovided.EachoftheseprogramswascontinuedinthemanyamendmentstotheFederalWaterPollutionControlActsinthe1960sand1970s.1-49The1956legislationmandatedaprogramofconstructiongrants(subsidiestohelppayformunicipaltreatmentfacilities)asaresponsetopressuresfrommunicipalities.Thecitiesfeltthatfederalfundsshouldbeusedtohelppayforthetreatmentplantsrequiredbyfederallaw.2-110Grantsmadeunderthe1956actcouldsubsidizeasmuchasone-thirdoftheconstructioncostforamunicipalplant,butthemaximumgrantforasingleprojectwaslimitedto$600000.Atotalof$50millionperyearwasauthorizedfortheprogram.2-211TheWaterQualityActof1965carriedforwardmanyprovisionsoftheearlierfederallegislation,generallywithanincreaseinlevelsoffunding.The1965'salsointroducedimportantnewrequirementsforstatestoestablishambientwaterqualitystandardsanddetailedplansindicatinghowthestandardswouldbemet.3-112TheactalsoshiftedresponsibilityforadministeringthefederalwaterqualityprogramfromtheU.S.PublicHealthServicetoaseparateagency,theFederalWaterPollutionControlAdministration,withintheDepartmentofHealth,Education,andWelfare(HEW).3-213Thiswasnotapermanentchange.In1970,apresidentialreorganizationorderplacedthewaterpollutioncontrolactivitiesandseveralotherfederalenvironmentalprogramsinanewlycreatedEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA).3-314InamendingtheFederalWaterPollutionControlActin1972,Congressintroduced:(1)nationalwaterqualitygoals;(2)technology-basedeffluentlimitations;(3)anationaldischargepermitsystem;and(4)federalcourtactionsagainstsourcesviolatingpermitconditions.4-115The1972amendmentsaimedtorestoreandmaintainthechemical,physicalandbiologicalintegrityofthenation'swaters.Theamendmentsspecified,asanationalgoal,thatthedischargeofpollutantsintonavigablewatersbeeliminatedby1985.4-216Thisalsoincludedaninterimgoal:whereverattainable,aninterimgoalofwaterqualitywhichprovidesfortheprotectionandpropagationoffish,shellfishandwildlifeandprovidesforrecreationinandonthewatershouldbeachievedbyJuly1,1983.4-317TheEPAadministratorwasrequiredtoseteffluentrestrictionsthatmetthefollowinggeneralrequirementsofthe1972amendments:By1977,alldischargersweretoachievebestpracticablecontroltechnologycurrentlyavailable(BPT);andby1983,alldischargersweretohavethebestavailabletechnologyeconomicallyachievable(BAT).5-1Influent——Effluent18AfterdelayscausedbynumerouslegalchallengestotheEPAadministrator'seffluentlimitationguidelines,theBPTprovisionswereimplemented.However,theBATrequirementsweresoheavilydisputedthatCongressmodifiedthemintheCleanWaterActof1977.5-219TheprincipalcriticismoftheoriginalBATeffluentlimitationswasthatthecostsoftheveryhighrequiredpercentagereductionsinresidualswouldbemuchgreaterthanthebenefits.IndefiningBAT,costswereconsidered,butonlyinthegeneralcontextofaffordabilitybyindustry.6-120Computationsofthesocialbenefitsofstringenteffluentcontrolswerenotacentralfactor.Congresspresumedthebenefitsofeliminatingwaterpollutantswouldbesubstantial.CongressionalinsistenceonverystricteffluentlimitationscanalsobeinterpretedasanefforttoguaranteetherightsofAmericanstohigh-qualitywaters.6-221In1977,CongressrespondedtocriticsofBATbyrequiringitonlyfortoxicsubstances.Adifferentrequirementwasintroducedforconventionalpollutants,suchasbiochemicaloxygendemand(BOD)andsuspendedsolids.7-1BOD≠biologicaloxygendemandWhataboutCOD，TOD，ThOD，TOC？22Theeffluentlimitationsguidelinesforthesepollutantsweretobeba