句子成分句子成分•主语subject•谓语predicate•宾语object•表语predicative•宾补complement•定语attribute•状语adverbial•同位语appositive1.ImetmybestfriendTomatthestationyesterday.↓主语↓谓语↓定语↓宾语↓同位语↓状语1.主语(subject):主语是一个句子的主题,是句子所陈述的主体,一般放于句首,可以是人,也可以是物,指动作的执行者。例:那个学生问了老师一些问题.Thestudentaskedtheteachersomequestions.主语例:今天的天气非常好.Theweatherisverynicetoday.主语2.谓语(predicate):谓语一般是指主语的动作或状态,由动词或动词短语充当,位置一般放于主语后面。例:他工作非常努力.Heworksveryhard.谓语例:今天的天气非常好.Theweatherisverynicetoday.谓语例:他在字典里查出了这个单词.Helookedupthewordinthedictionary.谓语3.宾语(object):宾语在句子中主要充当动作的承受者,一般放于及物动词之后。例:老师把灯关了.Theteacherturnedoffthelights.介宾例:他们将不会伤害我们.Theywon’thurtus.动宾例:他在上个星期放弃吸烟了.Hegaveupsmokinglastweek.介宾宾语动宾介宾•宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语.直接宾语指物,间接宾语指人.•Hegavemesomebooks.↓间接宾语↓直接宾语●Pleasepassmethebook.●Heboughtmesomeflowers.4.表语:表语主要用于表述主语的特征,状态,身份等。它位于连系动词后,构成系表结构。连系动词例:我是一个老师.Iamateacher.表语例:这种水果尝起来味道很好.Thiskindoffruittastesverydelicious.表语1.be动词(am,is,are,was,were)3.感官动词(look,smell,hear,feel…)+表语2.表状态变化的动词(get/become/turn/keep/remain/stay)例:那个女孩变得非常担心.Thegirlgotworried.表语5.定语:(attribute)定语是用来说明名词(代词)的品质与特征的词,形容词通常作定语。这是一节生动有趣的课.Thisisalivelyandinterestingclass.有一些难题要处理.Thereissomethingdifficulttodealwith.前置定语后置定语Ittookhimquitealittletimetogetfamiliarwiththeroutes______tothenest-shapedstadium.花了很长时间他才熟悉通往鸟巢形的体育馆的路。leading定语•Heisacleverboy.•Theyarebuildingastonebridge.•Thereare54studentsinourclass.•DoyouknownBetty’ssister?•Heboughtsomesleepingpills.•Thereisasleepingbabyinbed.•Hisspokenlanguageisgood.•Imetafriendonmywayhome.(形容词)(名词)(数词)(名词的所有格)(动名词)(现在分词)(过去分词)(副词)6.状语:(adverbial)状语是修饰动词,形容词,副词以及全句的句子成分;按用途分,可分为时间,地点,原因,结果,目的,条件,让步,程度,方式,伴随状况等。①表时间:yesterday,today,tomorrow…Shallwegoshoppingtodayortomorrow?我们是今天还是明天出去买东西啊?②表地点:inChina,attheairport…Isawastudentintheclassroom.我在教室里看见一个学生.③表原因:because,as,for,since…他因为生病所以今天没有去上学.Becausehewasill,hedidn’tgotoschooltoday.④表结果:to+do,v+ing,从句那个男孩从树上掉下来了,头撞到地上了.Theboyfelloffthetree,strikinghisheadagainsttheground.⑤表目的:inorderto,inorderthat,forthepurpose为了考入一个更好的学校,我必须更加努力.Inordertogetintoabetterschool,Imuststudyevenharder.⑥表条件:as/solongas,if,unless,只要努力学习,你就会取得好成绩.Aslongasyoustudyhard,youcangetahighmark.⑦表让步:inspiteof,despite,although,though他虽然不认识我,但却帮了我.Hehelpedmealthoughhedidn’tknowme.⑧表程度:very,enough,tosomeextent…那里的风景非常漂亮.Thescenerythereisverybeautiful.⑨表方式:likethat,as,asif…不要那样看我.Don’tlookatmelikethat!⑩表伴随状况:老师走进教室,手里拿着一本书.Theteachercameintotheclassroom,catchingabookinhishand.with7.补语:(complement)补语主语补足语:宾语补足语:补充说明主语的动作或状态补充说明宾语的动作或状态1.我又累又困,就去睡了。Tiredandsleepy,Iwenttobed.2.我发现那本书很有趣。Ifoundthatbookveryinteresting.主语补足语宾语补足语你的朋友来上学时心情很不好。Yourfriendcomestoschoolveryupset.8.同位语:(appositive)当两个同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时,一个句子成分可被用来说明或解释另一个句子成分,前者就叫做后者的同位语。我们有两个孩子,一男一女.Wehavetwochildren,aboyandagirl.那人是我的老师,他从来都不骑自行车.Theman,myteacher,neverridesabike.Iwantthisdiaryitselftobemyfriend.P77句子分类简单句复合句并列复合句主从复合句有两个或两个以上的简单句用连词连接而成。如:and,but,or,so等定语从句状语从句名词性从句由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)组成的句子.eg:TomandMikeareAmericanboys.Shelikesdrawingandoftendrawspicturesforthenewspaper.由主句和从句构成,且主从句分别有不同的主谓结构。五大基本句型•一:SV(主+谓)•二:SVP(主+系+表)•三:SVO(主+谓+宾)•四:SVoO(主+谓+间宾+直宾)•五:SVOC(主+谓+宾+宾补)基本句型一:SV(主+谓)谓语:不及物动词(vi.)没有宾语,形成主谓结构。如:Wecome.S│V(不及物动词)1.Thesunrose.2.Whocares?3.Whathesaiddoesnotmatter.4.Theytalkedforhalfanhour.5.Thepenwritessmoothly基本句型二:S│V(是系动词)│P(表语)1.ThisisanEnglish-Chinesedictionary.2.Thedinnersmellsgood.3.Hefellinlove.4.Everythinglooksdifferent.5.Heisgrowingtallandstrong.6.Ourwellhasgonedry.7.Hisfaceturnedred.基本句型三:SVO(主+谓+宾)此句型的特点是:谓语动词都是及物动词,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整。S│V(及物动词)│O(宾语)1.Who│knows│theanswer?2.He│hasrefused│tohelpthem.3.He│enjoys│reading.4.He│said│“Goodmorning.”5.He│admits│thathewasmistaken.基本句型四:SVoO(主+谓+间宾+直宾)有些及物动词可以有两个宾语,e.g.give/pass/bring/show。这两个宾语通常一个指人(间接宾语);一个指物(直接宾语)。--Givemeacupofteaplease.--Giveacupofteatomeplease.givesbsth=givesthtosbS│V(及物)│o(多指人)│O(多指物)1.Sheorderedherselfanewdress.2.Hebroughtyouadictionary.3.Ishowedhimmypictures.4.Itoldhimthatthebuswaslate.5.Heshowedmehowtorunthemachine.基本句型五:SVOC(主+谓+宾+宾补)此句型的特点是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。宾语补足语:位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。可以用作宾语补足语的有名词,形容词,不定式,动名词,分词,介词短语等。Thewarmadehimasoldier.Newmethodsmakethejobeasy.Ioftenfindhimatwork.Theteacheraskthestudentstoclosethewindows.Isawacatrunningacrosstheroad.名词形容词介词短语动词不定式动名词S│V(及物)│O(宾语)│C(宾补)1.Theypaintedthedoorgreen.3.Theyfoundthehousedeserted.4.Heaskedmetocomebacksoon.5.Isawthemgettingonthebus.常用的英语句子除了基本句型的成分不变通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语(modifier)而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词(主要是形容词、副词和数词),也可以是各种类型的短语(主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语)。Wefoundthehallfull.我们发现礼堂坐满了。Wefoundthegreathallfullofstudentsandteachers.我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师。句子的扩展Wefoundthegreathallfullofstudentsandteacherslisteningtoanimportantreport.我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师,在听一个重要报告。WefoundthegreathallfullofstudentsandteacherslisteningtoanimportantreportmadebyacomradefromthePeople'sDailyoncurrentaffairsinEastEurope.我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师,在听人民日报的一位同志作有关东欧局势的重要报告。句子的扩展a.SVb.SVPc.SVOd.SVoOe.SVOC1.Pleastellusastory._______2.Shesmiled.______3.Hisjobistotrainswimmers._____4.Henoticedamanentertheroom._____5.Pleaselookatthepicture._____dabec学案II.