1句子成分(SentenceMembers)句子成分和结构是英语的基础,是理解和表达英语的关键。英语中许多词类都对句子成分和结构有影响。英语中的句子是由词或短语组成的,这些词或短语在句子中起一定的作用,叫做句子成分。英语的篇章是由句子构成的,不同的内容需要不同类型的句式结构,这些句式结构又构成英语中不同的句子类型。学习英语句法的基础是了解句子成分、句子的基本结构和句子种类。在英文中句子成分包括:主语、谓语、宾语(直接宾语、间接宾语)、表语、定语和状语、宾语补足语等。(一)主语:主语是谓语讲述的对象,表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首。如:(1)Lucyisabeautifulnurse.(名词作主语)(2)Hereadsnewspaperseveryday.(代词作主语)(3)Smokingisharmfultothehealth.(动名词作主语)(4)ToswiminKunmingLakeisagreatpleasure.(不定式作主语)(5)Whatweshoulddoisnotyetdecided.(主语从句作主语)练一练:指出下例句中主语的中心词。1).Theteacherwithtwoofhisstudentsiswalkingintotheclassroom.2).Thereisanoldmancominghere.3).Theusefuldictionarywasgivenbymymotherlastyear.4).Todotoday'shomeworkwithouttheteacher'shelpisverydifficult.(二)谓语说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”。谓语(谓语部分里主要的词)必须是动词。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。它在主语后面。如:Hisparentsareteachers.(系动词和表语一起作谓语)Westudyhard.(行为动词作谓语)Wedon’tfinishreadingthebook.(助动词和行为动词一起作谓语)HecanspeakEnglish.(情态动词和行为动词一起作谓语)练一练:选出句中谓语的中心词。①Idon'tlikethepictureonthewall.②Thedaysgetlongerandlongerwhensummercomes.③Doyouusuallygotoschoolbybus?④Therewillbeameetingatthelibrarythisafternoon.⑤Didthetwinshaveporridgefortheirbreakfast?⑥Tomdidn'tdohishomeworkyesterday.⑦WhatIwanttotellyouisthis.⑧Wehadbettersendforadoctor.三)宾语2宾语是动作、行为的对象,由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任,它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。一般放在谓语之后。Sheisdoingherhomeworknow.(名词作宾语)Shesays(that)sheisill.(宾语从句作动词宾语)Weoftenhelphim.(代词作宾语)Helikestoplaybasketball.(不定式作宾语)Weenjoylisteningtothemusic.我们喜欢听音乐。(动名词短语作宾语)练一练:挑出下列句中的宾语。①Mybrotherhasn'tdonehishomework.②PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.③Youmustpaygoodattentiontoyourpronunciation.④Howmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?⑤Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming,howaboutyou?说明1:宾语是及物动词涉及到的人或物,宾语一般放在及物动词之后。介词后面的名词或代词或动名词,称为介词宾语。名词、代词、数词常在句中做动词宾语或介词宾语。另外,动词不定式可作动词宾语;动名词和宾语从句也可用作动词宾语。说明2:及物动词作谓语时,后面要跟宾语。宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象,直接宾语指物,间接宾语通常是及物动词的动作所及的人,间接宾语指人。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前。不是所有的及物动词都可以用双宾语。有的动词可以跟。如:give,showbring,pass,buy等。如:(1)Ourteachertellsusastory.(2)Thesungivesuslight.间接宾语如果放在直接宾语之后,在表示“人”的间接宾语之前会出现介词“to”或“for”。间接宾语前加“to”的有:give,show,send,bring,read,pass,lend,leave,hand,tell,return,write,throw,promise(答应),refuse(拒绝)等。间接宾语加“for”的有:make,buy,do,get,play,order(命令),sing,pay等(1)Igivehimabook.改成:(2)Hepassesmethebook.(他将书递给我。)改成:(3)Hewritesmealetter.改成:(4)Hewillbuymesomebooks.改成:(5)Sheismakingmeacake.改成:练一练:划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语。①Pleasetellusastory.②Myfatherboughtanewbikeformelastweek.③MrLiisgoingtoteachushistorynextterm.3④Hereisapen.GiveittoTom.⑤Didheleaveanymessageforme?(四)宾语补足语在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征的成分,称为宾语补足语。名词、形容词、副词、介词短语以及动词不定式、分词等可用作宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语称为复合宾语。如:Theymakeherhappy.(形容词)Iseeherdance.(不定式)We’llhelpyoutomaketheOlympicsasuccess.(名词)Pleaselethimin.(副词)Weheardhersingingasong.(分词短语)(五)表语表语说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”,由名词、形容词、副词、介词、不定式及相当于名词或形容词或短语来担任。它的位置在系动词后面。如:Iamateacher.(名词)Heisalwayshappy.(形容词)Theyareontheplaygroundnow.(介词短语)Itgetscold.(形容词)系动词Be动词(am,is,are,was,were)表保持(keep,stay,remain)表改变(get,become,turn)感官动词(feel,sound(听起来),seem/look(看起来),taste,smell如:Itsoundsinteresting.(sound为系动词,interesting为表语)Weshouldallremaincareful.Remain(为系动词,careful为表语)练一练:挑出下列句中的表语。①Theoldmanwasfeelingverytired.②WhyisheworriedaboutJim?③Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.④SoonTheyallbecameinterestedinthesubject.⑤Shewasthefirsttolearnaboutit.(六)定语定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不等式或相当于形容词的词或短语等。单个词作定语时,通常放在它所修饰的名词之前。如:Theblackbikeismine.(形容词)What’syourname?(代词)Theymakepaperflowers.(名词)练一练:挑出下列句中的定语。①TheyuseMr,Mrswiththefamilyname.4②Whatisyourgivenname?③OnthethirdlapareClass1andClass3.④Iamafraidsomepeopleforgottosweepthefloor.⑤Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.⑥Iamwaitingforthesoundoftheothershoe!说明1:当定语修饰不定代词:nothing,anything,everything,something等时,定语在不定代词后面。如:Itellhimsomethinginteresting.(形容词interesting作不定代词something的后置定语)Hehassomethingtodo.(todo为不定式作后置定语)说明2:短语或从句作定语时,也放在被修饰的名词之后。如:TheboysintheroomareinClassFour.(intheroom是介词短语作theboys的后置定语。)(七)状语修饰动词、形容词、副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。状语一般放在句末,但有的可以放在句首、句中。如:Hediditcarefully.(副词)HermothergoesouttodosomeshoppingonSunday.(介词短语)WhenIgrowup,Iamgoingtobeateacher.(从句作时间状语)Hesitsthere.(副词地点状语)练一练:挑出下列句中的状语。①Therewasabigsmileonherface.②Everynightheheardthenoiseupstairs.③HebegantolearnEnglishwhenhewaseleven.④Themanonthemotorbikewastravelingtoofast.综合练习一、写出划线部分的句子成分。1.Lilyiscleaningthedesknow.2.Hergardenisthebestinourtown.3.LiuMingisthirteenyearsold.4.Ilikethisbookverymuch.5.ThegirlonthebluebikeisJane’ssister.6.Shedidn’tcometomypartybecauseshewasill.7.WangPingdoeshishomeworkcarefully.8.WewillgototheChildren’sPalaceonceaweek.9.Theyareintheclassroom.10.Itsoundsgood.