风电机组状态监测及故障诊断

September4,2008Page1MachineConditionMonitoringandFaultDiagnosticsChrisKMechefskeSeptember4,2008Page2WindTurbineConditionMonitoringMarkusTimuskSeptember4,2008Page3WindTurbineConditionMonitoring•EnerconmodelE-66Horizontalaxiswindturbine•Towerheight98m•Rotordiameter70mSeptember4,2008Page4Wind•aformofsolarenergy.•causedbytheunevenheatingoftheatmospherebythesun,theirregularitiesoftheearth'ssurface,androtationoftheearth.•Windflowpatternsaremodifiedbytheearth'sterrain,bodiesofwater,andvegetation.September4,2008Page5WindTurbines:Background•Windenergyisthefastestgrowingsourceofelectricityintheworld•Windenergyisclean,renewableandproducesnopollutionSeptember4,2008Page6WindTurbines:Background•Costofwindpowercontinuestofallwhileenvironmentalconcernsassociatedwithothermethodscontinuetorise•Increasingsizeandeconomiesofscalealsofuelthegrowthofthistechnology•Windturbinesbecomingmoreestablishedasaneconomicallyviablemethodofenergyproduction•AdvancesinCBMwillplayasignificantroleinthecommercialviabilityofwindgeneratorsSeptember4,2008Page7PowerProduction•A5-MWturbinecanproducemorethan15millionkWhinayear–Sufficientelectricitytopowermorethan1400homes–TheaverageU.S.householdconsumesabout10,000kWhofelectricityeachyear.September4,2008Page8DifficultiesfortheTechnology•Fluctuatingpowersource–Canbeabsorbedintogridthatispoweredfrommultiplesourcesofpowergeneration–Energystorageisapotentialsolution•Highupfrontcost•Potentialthreattomigratingbirds–Notassignificantafactorwithlargerlowspeedturbines•Potentialeyesore(subjective)•Sourceoflocalsoundpollution•Mayrequirebuildingofroads,powerlines,clearingoftreesetc.September4,2008Page9WindTurbineTypesSeptember4,2008Page10SomeDesignFactors•Poweroutputofturbineincreaseswithcubeofwindspeed•Heightoftower–Windspeedincreaseswithheight–Duetodragfromearth’ssurfaceandtheviscosityoftheair•Airtemperatureanddensity–WinterwindgeneratesmorepowerthansamespeedsummerwindSeptember4,2008Page11Powerrangeform50kWtoseveralMWSeptember4,2008Page12September4,2008Page13HorizontalAxisTurbineMajorComponents•YawDrive•Orientsrotortowind•Electricorhydraulicdrive•Rotor•Bladesmadefromnon-homogeneouscompositematerials•Manydesignshavevariablepitchforcontrol•Drive•Geartrainincreaseslowrotorspeedtohigherspeedforgeneration•Eg.50rpmatrotorto1800rpmatgeneratorSeptember4,2008Page14MajorComponentscont.•Tower–Madefromtubularsteel,trussworkorconcrete•Anemometer–Measureswindspeedforcontroller•WindVane–Measureswinddirectionforyawdrive•Controller•GeneratorSeptember4,2008Page15GE3.6OffshoreSeries•OperatingData•3.6Ratedcapacity3,600kW•Cut-inwindspeed3.5m/s•Cut-outwindspeed27m/s•Ratedwindspeed14m/s•Rotor•Numberofblades3•Rotordiameter104m•Sweptarea8,495m2•Rotorspeed(variable)8.5-15.3rpmSeptember4,2008Page16September4,2008Page17LakeSuperiorWarehousingCo.,Inc.September4,2008Page18LakeSuperiorWarehousingCo.,Inc.September4,2008Page19September4,2008Page20CBMNeed•PersonnelCosts•Parts–Replacement–Inventory•Downtime•Foroffshorewindturbinesmaintenancecostsaccountfor30to35%oftheelectricitycostsCanhaveadominanteffectontheviabilityofawindprojectduetothesmallfinancialmarginsSeptember4,2008Page21OtherCBMFactors•RemoteLocations(i.e.offshore,hightowersetc)•Weather,(Wind,lightning,rain,temperature)September4,2008Page22CandidateSystemsforCBM•DriveSystem•Generator•Blades•StructuralComponents•PitchandYawSystem•Hydraulics•ControlSystemSeptember4,2008Page23September4,2008Page24RelevantCBMTechniquesforWindTurbines•Thermography•Tribology•StrainOfMaterials•AcousticEmissions•Monitoringof–ElectricalParameters–ProcessParameters–Performance(comparisonsandabsolute)September4,2008Page25DriveTrainMonitoringDriveTrainOutagesarethepredominantfailuremodeforwindturbinesVibrationAnalysis•Shafts•BearingsofGearboxandGenerator•GearFaults•Unbalance•LoosenessSeptember4,2008Page26ParticularComplicationsofWindTurbineVibrationMonitoringVibrationAnalysis•Lowspeedapplication–Hindersfrequencybasedapproaches•VariableLoad–Influencesbaselinevibration•VariableSpeedSeptember4,2008Page27September4,2008Page28BentlyNevada•Predominantlybearingandgearboxmonitoring–Trendingofvibrationlevels–EnvelopeanalysisSeptember4,2008Page29RollingElementBearingsSeptember4,2008Page29UnfilteredTimeSignalFilteredTimeSignal(highpass)EnvelopedTimeSignal(rectified)Spectrum(afterlowpassfilter)September4,2008Page30CaseStudySource:BentlyNevadaSeptember4,2008Page31September4,2008Page32•CostperkWhofwindpower•InsurancecompaniesaredemandingthatpowercompaniesemployaCBMprogram.September4,2008Page33SKFSeptember4,2008Page34CommercialSystemSeptember4,2008Page35NetworkedCBMMonitoringSeptember4,2008Page36BladeMonitoring•CommonMaterials:fiberglass-reinforcedpolyesterorforsmaller:turbineswood-epoxyoraluminum•BladeLoading(forhorizontalaxismachine)–TowerShadow–Gravity–Windshear–TurbulenceOscillatingRandomSeptember4,2008Page37BladeMonitoringBladeMonitoring•MonitoringStructuralintegrityofblades•Todetectcrackingorbucklingetc.RelevantMeasurements•Vibration(mechanicalandacoustic)•Strain•Othertechniques•PerformanceMethods•SmartFibers–