很多生物利用某些代谢途径,产生一些对生物的生存和健康并非必要的化合物,即次生代谢产物,也称为天然产物。但在很多情况下,天然产物在保证特定的生物能继续生存方面有重要的功能和显著的活性,它们增强这些生物的竞争性。正由于天然产物具有某些特殊的生物功能和生理活性,所以通常也称为天然生物活性物质。exitOOOHOH内容提要§13-1α,β-不饱和醛酮一、α,β-不饱和醛酮的反应二、α,β-不饱和醛酮的制法§12-2醌一、醌的命名二、醌的反应§12-3羟基醛酮一、羟基醛酮的反应二、羟基醛酮的制法内容提要§12-4酚醛和酚酮一、Vilsmeier甲酰化反应二、Reimer-Tiemann反应三、Fries重排第十三章不饱和醛和酮及取代醛酮§13-1α,β-不饱和醛酮一、α,β-不饱和醛酮的结构CCCO1234δ+δ-δ+δ-二、α,β-不饱和醛酮的反应(p316)1.加成反应Nu-,1,4-加成CCCO1234δ+δ-δ+δ-Nu-,1,2-加成CCCO1234NuCCCO1234NuX+,3,4-加成CCCO1234XCCCOH1234H+,1,4-加成(1)亲核加成α,β-不饱和醛酮的亲核加成可以是1,2-或1,4-加成,其主要产物取决于羰基周围的空间位阻、亲核试剂的碱性和空间位阻。一般情况下:醛:醛基活泼,位阻小→主要发生1,2-加成酮:羰基空间位阻↓,亲核试剂碱性↑→主要发生1,2-加成;反之→主要发生1,4-加成。①酮羰基与亲核试剂Znu(大多为NuH,例如HCN,RNH2,二烃基铜锂等)的1,4-加成CCCONuCCCONuδ-δ+δ-CCCOZNuZ+CCCONuZ互变异构16例1C6H5CHCHCC6H5OKCN,HOAcEtOHC6H5CHCH2CC6H5CNOCCCO+Nu-δ+δ-δ+δ-C6H5CHCHCCH3+OHNCHCH2CCH3OC6H5N例2例316(CH3)2CCHCCH3+(CH2CH)2OCuLi1.Et2O2.H2OCH3CCH2CCH3CH3CHCH2O思考题1例1~例3中底物的合成?例2②酮+RLi→1,2-加成例1(CH3)2CCHCCH3O①C6H5Li/Et2O②H3O+(CH3)2CCHCCH3OHC6H5C6H5CHCHCC6H5O①C6H5Li/Et2O②H3O+C6H5CHCHC(C6H5)2OH③+格氏试剂例1C6H5CHCHCHO12341.C6H5MgBr2.H2O1.C2H5MgBr2.H2OC6H5CHCHCHOHC6H5C6H5CHCHCHOHC2H5100%100%C6H5CHCHCCH3O12341.C6H5MgBr2.H2O1.C2H5MgBr2.H2OCH3+C6H5CHCH2CCH3OC6H5CHCHCHOHC6H5C6H588%12%C6H5CHCHCHOHC2H5CH3+C6H5CHCH2CCH3OC2H540%60%例2C6H5CHCHCC(CH3)3O12341.C6H5MgBr2.H2O1.C2H5MgBr2.H2OC6H5CHCH2CC(CH3)3OC6H5C6H5CHCH2CC(CH3)3OC2H5100%100%例3OHH3COCH3OCH3例4O1.CH3MgBr,~0.05molCuBr1.(CH3)2CuLi2.H2O1.CH3MgBr2.H2O2.H2O④Michael反应OOCH3H+CH2CHCCH3O2-甲基-1,3-环己二酮KOHOOCH3CH2CH2CCH3O2-甲基-2-(3-氧代丁基)-1,3-环己二酮思考题2结构不对称酮反应的选择性?OOCH3OCH2CH2CCH3H2OOCH3O六氢吡啶,苯16(2)亲电加成①+X2,HOX→3,4-加成OHOBrOBrOHRobinson增环反应CCCO+H+CCCOHCCCOHδ+δ-δ+Cl-CCCOHClCCCOClH互变异构②+HX→1,4-加成2.还原反应(1)+H2/Ni(Pt,Pd)在共轭体系中,C=C比C=O易还原,控制氢的用量可选择性地还原C=C,例如:H2/Pd-C。(2)+氢化金属化合物+LiAlH4只还原C=O,+NaBH4不仅还原C=O,共轭C=C也部分还原,得部分还原和全部还原混合物。(3)+Li(Na,K)/NH3(l)只还原与C=O共轭的C=C。三、α,β-不饱和醛酮的制法用醛酮的羟醛缩合反应制备化学亮点自然界中的不饱和醛的反应:视觉的化学CHOCHO视黄醛异构化酶§13-2醌一、醌的命名(p319)OO1,4-苯醌(对苯醌)OO1,2-苯醌(邻苯醌)CH3CH3OO2,5-二甲基-1,4-苯醌OO1,4-萘醌(α-萘醌)OO9,10-蒽醌(蒽醌)OO1,2-萘醌(β-萘醌)二、醌的反应(p320)1.亲核加成→1,2-加成OOH2NOHONOHH2NOHNOHNOH对苯醌-肟对苯醌二肟OO1.RMgXOROH2.H2OH+OHROHOHROHOHROHHH+OHOHR2.碳碳双键的亲电加成OOBr2CH3COOHOOBrBrCH3COOHBr2BrBrOOBrBr二溴化醌四溴化醌3.共轭双键的1,4-加成第一步类似于α,β-不饱和醛酮的1,4-加成,加成试剂既有亲核试剂HCN、ROH等,也有亲电试剂HX。例如:OOHClOOHClH重排OHOHCl[O]OOOCH3[O]OOOCH3H3COOOCH3OHZnCl2OHOHOCH3CH3OHZnCl2OHOHOCH3H3CO4.还原反应+2H++2eOHOHOO应用举例:氧化态还原态醌氢醌(暗绿色针状结晶)OOHOHO+OHOHOO0.0592[H][O][H+]2lg=E°+0.059lg[H+]=E°-0.059pH例1E=E°+例2生物体内转移电子的氧化还原体系CH3OCH3OOCH3O(CH2CHCCH2)nHCH3+2H++2eCH3(CH2CHCCH2)nHCH3OOHOHCH3CH3O辅酶Q(泛醌)氢醌§13-3羟基醛酮一、羟基醛酮的反应1.α-羟基醛酮(1)异构化CHORCHOHαOH-CHOHRCOHCH2OHRCOOH-α(2)+苯肼α-羟基醛酮与3分子苯肼反应,生成脎(osazones)。21亚氨基酮腙脎RCHCHOHOC6H5NHNH2CH3COOHRCOHHCHNNHC6H5RCCHOHNHNHC6H5C6H5NH2RCOCHNH2C6H5NHNH2RCCHNNHC6H5NNHC6H5(3)氧化CH3CHCCH3HOOH5IO6CH3CHO+CH3COOHCH3CH2CHCHOHOH5IO6CH3CH2CHO+HCOOH2121CRCHNNHC6H5NNHC6H512NNNHC6H5NHNC6H5R122.β-羟基醛酮H+,快慢CH3CHCH2CCH3OOHCH3CHCHCCH3OHOHCH3CHCHCCH3O-H+CH3CHCHCCH3OHCH3CHCHCCH3OHOH2,快CH3CHCHCCH3OHH2OOH-CH3CHCHCCH3O3.γ-和δ-羟基醛酮OγβαOHHγβαOHCOH外消旋化CH3CHCHCCH3OOHHOH-CH3CHCHCCH3OOHH2O二、羟基醛酮的制法1.1,2-二醇的氧化→α-羟基醛酮2.安息香缩合→α-羟基酮21HOCH2CH2OHH2O2Fe2+HOCH2CHOδγβαOHCOCH3OδγβαOHCH3外消旋化2C6H5CHCN-C5H6CHCC6H5OHOO安息香C6H5CHCN-C6H5CHOOCNH2OC6H5CHOHCNOH-C6H5COHCN芳香族醛C6H5COHCNC6H5CH+OC6H5CCC6H5OCNOHHC6H5CCC6H5OCNOHHH2OC6H5CCC6H5OHCNOHHOH-C6H5CCC6H5OCNHOHCN-C5H6CHCC6H5HOO脂肪族醛用噻唑季铵盐催化缩合3.酮醇缩合(acyloincondensation)→α-羟基酮2CH3(CH2)2COCH3ONaEtOHCH3(CH2)2CC(CH2)2CH3O-Na++Na-OCH3(CH2)2CHC(CH2)2CH3HOOH2O酮醇缩合反应机理与酮的双分子还原类似RCOR'O-Na+RCOR'O-Na+2R'ONaRCRCOONaRCRCO-Na+O-Na+H2ORCHRCOHORCOR'ONaRCOR'O-Na+4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯甲醛(香草醛)4.烯醇盐与醛酮缩合→β-羟基醛酮§13-4酚醛和酚酮12H3COCHO4-甲氧基苯甲醛(茴香醛)CHOH2COO胡椒醛CHOHOCH3OOH+HCN(CH3)2OPOCl3OHCHO亲电试剂(氯代亚胺的盐)与芳环上有强致活基的化合物发生亲电取代反应。翁钅20N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)17一、Vilsmeier甲酰化反应(p604)HCN(CH3)2Cl2POOClCN(CH3)2Cl2PO2ClH+POCl3HCN(CH3)2OCN(CH3)2ClHCl2POO氯代亚胺的盐翁钅OHCN(CH3)2ClHOHCClHN(CH3)2OHCHOH2O二、Reimer-Tiemann反应OHOHCHO+CHCl31.NaOH/H2O2.H3O+↑12CHCl3OH-CCl3Cl-CCl2二氯碳烯(见第十八章)H2OHCHCl2OOHCHCl2OHCHOOH-OCCl2+HCCl2O15OHH3CCH3CHCl3NaOHCHCl2H3CH3CO+OHH3CCH3CHO三、Fries重排OCC2H5OAlCl3HOCC2H5O+CC2H5OHO本章小结化学反应α,β-不饱和醛酮亲核加成与亲核试剂HCN,RNH2,二烃基铜锂等的1,4-加成;与烃基锂的1,2-加成;加格氏试剂。亲电加成与HX的1,4-加成;与X2,HOX的3,4-加成。还原反应与H2/Ni(Pt,Pd),氢化金属化合物,Li(Na,K)/NH3(l)等试剂的还原反应及产物。α,β-不饱和醛酮加成反应羰基的亲核加成;碳碳双键的亲电加成;共轭双键的1,4-加成。还原反应醌α-羟基醛酮异构化;与苯肼的反应;氧化反应。羟基醛酮制备β-羟基醛酮在酸性和碱性溶液中的脱水反应。γ-和δ-羟基醛酮开链式与环状半缩醛的动态平衡。羟基醛酮α,β-不饱和醛酮醛酮的羟醛缩合。羟基醛酮α-羟基醛酮1,2-二醇的氧化。α-羟基酮安息香缩合;酮醇缩合。酚醛和酚酮Vilsmeier甲酰化反应;Reimer-Tiemann反应;Fries重排。羟基醛酮β-羟基醛酮烯醇盐与醛酮缩合