chapter-4---syntax句法学

smallbutusefulwordsShehasayellowboy.Whereisyourcap?Heboughtashe-cat.Igotaqueen-sizebed.Don’tbugme.Iamallears.我洗耳恭听。Sheishistory.她是过去式了。thethirdwheel电灯泡Myheartisinmymouth.我紧张的心跳出来了。Sheisawetblanket.她是个令人扫兴的人。Ittakestwototango.一个巴掌拍不响。whenpigsfly.决不可能Shecouldeatahorse她极度饥饿。Youcalltheshots.你来做决定吧。Shewearsherheartonhersleeve.她是个喜形于色的人。Aren’tyouthepotcallingthekettleblack?五十步笑百步城市低保basiclivingallowances公务员civilservant革命老区oldrevolutionarybaseareas小康社会moderatelyprosperoussociety创新型国家innovation-orientedcountryphrasesassociatedwithcolorbeinthered赤字seered怒火中烧Hehasayellowstreakinhim.他胆小。bornwithasliverspooninone’smouth天生富贵greenthumb园艺高手ChapterFourSyntaxSyntaxisasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage.ThetermsyntaxcameoriginallyfromGreekwhichliterallymeansarrangement.Whatthatmeansisthatsentencesarestructuredaccordingtoaparticulararrangementofwords.Well-arrangedsentencesareconsideredgrammaticalsentences.Grammaticalsentencesareformedfollowingasetofsyntacticrules.syntacticrelationspositionalrelation(wordorder)relationofsubstitutabilityrelationofco-occurrenceWhatispositionalrelation?Positionalrelationorwordorderreferstothesequentialarrangementofwordsinalanguage.e.g.Theboykickedtheball.Iftheweatherisnice,we’llgoout.Syntagmatic（横组合关系）andparadigmaticrelations（纵聚合关系）Syntagmaticrelationsisarelationbetweenoneitemandothersinasequence,orbetweenelementswhichareallpresent.组合关系指一个单位和同一序列中的其他单位之间的关系。这些处于组合关系中的词必须满足一些句法和语义条件。语序也要受到语义的影响e.g.*Boytheballkickedthe*Theballkickedtheboy.Theteachersawthestudent.Thestudentsawtheteacher.paradigmaticrelationParadigmaticrelationsisarelationholdingbetweenelementsreplaceablewitheachotherataparticularplaceinastructure,orbetweenoneelementpresentandtheothersabsent.聚合关系是指在结构的某个特殊位置上彼此可以互相替换的成分之间的关系，或者说是在现场的成分与不在现场的成分之间的关系。e.g.The_____issmiling.e.g.Hewillgotomorrow.SheWeTheyMaryPeterandJohnHewillgotomorrow.maymustmightshouldoughttoHewillgotomorrow.comesingdanceworkThestrongmansmiles.tallestboyprettygirlHewentthereyesterday.lastweekthedaybeforeQuestion:Dothesyntagmaticrelationandparadigmaticrelationexistatthephonologicalormorphologicallevel?Key:a.atthephonologicallevel[seif]:[s][ei][f]Syntagmatic[sei_]:[seif]Paradigmatic[seiv]b.atthemorphologicallevelcareless:care+lessSyntagmaticcare-:carelessParadigmaticcarefulc.atthesententiallevel(omitted)Tosumup,everylinguisticunit,nomatterhowsmallitis,hasadoubleroletoplay.Itshouldbecombinedwithanotherunitinagrammaticalway,namely,inthesyntagmaticrelation.Butontheotherhand,itcanbereplacedbyanotherunit,namely,intheparadigmaticrelation.relationofco-occurrenceTherelationofco-occurrencereferstowordsofdifferentsetsofclausesmaypermit,orrequiretheoccurrenceofawordofanothersetorclasstoformasentenceoraparticularpartofasentence.(precededby)NP(followedby)AprettygirlsmilesThetallestboysingsTheAfricanmancries4.2GrammaticalConstructionandItsConstituentsStructurallinguistsrealizethatasentencedoesnotonlyhavealinearstructure,consistingofindividualwordsoneafteranotherinaline;theyalsohaveahierarchicalstructure,madeupoflayersofwordgroups.Theboykickedtheball.Thestudent//like/thenewliteratureprofessor.John,MaryandSusan//went/tothelinguisticslecture.John//suggested/thatMarytakethelinguisticscourse.Thistypeofsegmentationtruthfullyrevealsthehierarchicalnatureofsentencestructure:Sentencesareorganizedwithwordsofthesamesyntacticcategory,suchasnounphrase(NP)orverbphrase(VP),groupedtogether.Therelationbetweenasentenceanditscomponentelementsisgenerallyreferredtoastherelationbetweenaconstruction（结构体）anditsconstituents(成分).severalconstituentstogetherformaconstruction.Theboyatetheapple.A(sentence)∕\BCTheboyatetheappleImmediateconstituentanalysisorICanalysis（直接成分分析）ThisnotionwasproposedbytheAmericanlinguistLeonardBloomfield（布龙菲尔德）inhisLanguage(firstpublishedin1933).Immediateconstituentanalysisistheanalysisofasentenceintermsofitsimmediateconstituents–wordgroups(orphrases),whichareinturnanalyzedintotheimmediateconstituentsoftheirown,andtheprocessgoesonuntiltheultimate(words)constituentsarereached.Theimmediateconstituentanalysisofasentencemaybecarriedoutwithbracketsas:((The)(students))((like)((the)((new)professor))))Itmayalsobemoreeasilyshownwithatreediagram:Thestudentslikethenewprofessor.analyzethesesentencesThecustomerrequestedforacoldbeer.JanesuggestedLindatakethelinguisticsclass.Theinstructortoldthestudentstostudy.Heboughtanoldcarwithhisfirstpaycheque.somequestionsforyou:Whatisendocentricconstruction?1.Itsdefinition2.Itconsistsof____phrases,______phrasesand______phrases.3.Endocentricconstructionsfallintotwomaintypes:_______and__________.Whatisexocentricconstruction?1.Itsdefinition2.Exocentricconstructionincludes___________.3.SomeexamplesofexocentricconstructioncoordinationandsubordinationWhatiscoordination?Itsdefinition/someexamplesWhatissubordination?Itsdefinitionandsomeexamples3basictypesofsubordinateclausesare:_________________.Endocentricandexocentricconstructions（向心结构）（离心结构）Endocentricconstructionisoneconstruction