搜索
181Vol.18No.1ACTAAGRESTIASINICA20101Jan.2010,,(,730020):(Ochotonacurzoniae),20068,,,,,,,,:;;;:Q958.11;S812.6:A:100720435(2010)0020115206InfluenceofRiskSoundSignalonBehaviorPatternofPikaZHANGWei2guo,LIURong,JIANGXiao2lei(CollegeofPastoralAgricultureScienceandTechnology,LanzhouUniversity,LanzhouGansuProvince730020,China)Abstract:Inordertoexplorethefeasibilitytocontrolthepopulationnumberofplateaupikabysoundsig2nalofpredator,theinfluencesofyellsofraptor,beast,anddistressedplateaupika(Ochotonacurzoniae)onbehavioralpatternsofplateaupikawerestudiedinAugust2003.Theresultsindicatethatthevoiceofnaturalenemiesanddistressedscreamsofpikaindividualwereimportantelementsofpredationriskforplateaupika,whichintensivelydisturbedthebehaviorpatternsofpikor.Inthosevoicesofpikaenemies,thedistressedscreamsofpikahadmostsignificantimpactonthebehaviorpatternsofpikaandresultedinincreasedtimeforhidinginholesanddecreasedtimeforalertness.Thevoiceofraptorandbeastdecreasedthefeedingtimeofpikasignificantly;atthesametime,thevoiceofraptorprolongedthealertnesstimeofpika.Whenplateaupikaweresufferedfromrisksoundsignal,itsresponseswereusuallyreducedforagingtime,increasedvigilancetime,andincreaseddetentiontimeinsidethecave,butthespecificreplyingstrat2egieswasdifferentaccordingtotheriskcategoryandnature.Thestudyalsoshowsthatplateaupikahadastrongabilitytoidentifyandestimatethesoundmessageswhichcouldbeanimportantactionbasisforthedecision2makingofpika.Therefore,theapplicationofsimulatedrisksoundsignaltocreateandintensifyariskenvironmentisanewapproachworthoffurtherexplorationtocontrolthelocalrodentpopulation.Keywords:Predationrisk;Soundsignal;Plateaupika;Behavioralpattern[1],[2,3],[4],[5],,[6,7],,[810][1113][14],,:2009205231;:2009209221:(2009BAC531304)(2GS0522A212012):(19562),,,,,E2mail:wgzhang@lzu.edu.cn18,[15],,[16],,,,[17],(Ochotonacurzoniae),,,[18,19],20038,11.1500m332630N,1014545E,3526m,(KobresiakansuensisKukenth.)(Kobresiahumilis(C.A.Mey)Serg.)(ElymusnutansGriseb.)(Koeleriacristata(L.)Pers.)(Ajaniatenuifolia(Jacq.)Tzvel.)(Leontopodiumleontopodioides(Willd.)Beauv.)(AnaphalissinicaHance)(AnemonerivularisBuch.2Ham.exDC.)(Pedicularissp.)(Potentillaan2serinaL.),,50-140/hm21.2,,;5,,,1SonyICD2MS515EdifierR301T1.312,3,4,450m,,10m,,31,31Table1SoundtypeandcompositionSoundtypeAssembledpattern(Sec.)DurationCircletimes(Sec.)IntervaltimeRaptor++Hawk+Merlin+Owl12(5+4+3)33Beast++Wolf+Fox+Dog13(4+4+5)33Pika3Mixof3pikas10(4+3+3)333d20m(),4,3(1),1,20,,30min,6111:1,2,10001630,3d4::(3sec.):,:(3sec.):SPSS11.5Levene,22.12.1.27:A,,;B,,(5sec.);C,(5sec.),;D,,;E,(5sec.),;F,(5sec.),,;G,,,1-2,,7,2,3,,,;,,,,,,;,,,,;3,,2(%)Table2Distributionofdifferentbehaviorunderdifferentrisksoundsignal(%)SoundtypeBehavioraltypeofavoidingriskABCDEFGRaptor2.6A3.8A41.2A27.5A13.5A8.3A3.1ABeast001.3B13.8B23.3B39.7B21.5BPika18.4B30.2B33.6AC13.8B2.2C1.3C0.5C:P0.01Note:Meanswithdifferentcapitalletterinthesamecolumnsaresignificantlydifferentatthe0.01level2.1.2,1,426,(377)(346)4980,(P0.05),2.1.3()(),5.3m,(P0.01)3,:(4.2m)(3.8m)(3.1m),0.4m,,(P0.01)(P0.05)711182.2,,3,3d618,30min,(3A),,3131.2%,,26.4%,,21.1%,3(P0.05),(P0.01);,,,22.1%20.7%,,11.6%;,28.7%24.3%15.7%,,,2(P0.01),,,,3Fig.3Thechangesofriskeffectalongwiththeincreasingofsignalapplicationtime2.3,,,(4),39.8%28.9%10.2%21.1%(4A),,,,31.2%32.0%19.8%17.0%(4B),33.0%40.0%9.6%17.4%(4C),28.2%29.321.6%20.9%(4D),,(CK),8111:317.1%21.6%29.1%,(P0.01);(P0.05),(P0.05),,38.4%(P0.01)10.7%(P0.05),1.4%(P0.05),(P0.01),111.8%(P0.01),,94.1%(P0.01),,5.7%(P0.05),(P0.01),,;,(),4Fig.4Timeallocationpatternofmainbehavioroftheplateaupika3,,,,,,,,[20],,[21,22],,,,,,,,[23],,,[7,25],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,[13],,,,,[7,24,25],,,[26],,91118,(),DavideilamTamardayan[27](Strixaluco)(Microtussocialis),,,,,44.1,4.2,,,,,4.3,4.4[1],.[J].,1997,16(1):33238[2]KorpimakiE,KoivunenV,HakkarainenH.Microhabitatuseandbehaviourofvolesunderweaselandraptorpredationrisk:predatorfacilitation?[J].Behav.Ecol.,1996,7:30234[3]LonglandWS,PriceLM.Directobservationofowlsandhet2eromyidrodent:canpredationriskexplainmicrohabitatuse?[J].Ecology,1991,72:226122273[4],.[J].,1995,16(1):48253[5],.[J].,1999,19(4):2542260[6],.[J].,2001,21(3):1872193[7]HughesJJ,WardD,PerrinMR.Predationriskandcompeti2tionaffecthabitatselectionandactivityofNamibgerbils[J].Ecology,1994,75:139721405[8],.[J].,2002,22(4):84287[9],.[J].,2002,48(1):20226[10],,.[J].,2003,23(1):74282[11],,,.[J].,1999,19(3):2122218[12]ClarkeJA.Moonlightsinfluenceonpredator/preyinterac2tionsbetweenshort2earedowls(Asioflammeus)anddeermice(Percmyscusmaniculatus)[J].Behav.Ecol.Sociobiol.,1983,13:2052209[13]PriceMV,WaserNM,BassTA.Effectsofmoonlightonmicrohabitatusebydesertrodents[J].Marnmanmal,1984,65:3532356[14].[J].,1995,4(2):27228[15]ThorntonLM,HahnME,SchanzN.Geneticanddevelop2mentalinfluencesoninfantmouseultrasoniccalling:patternsofinheritanceofcallcharacteristics[J].Behav.Genet.,2003,33(6):7212721[16]BergstromCT,LachmannM.Alarmcallsascostlysignalsofantipredatorvigilance:thewachfulbabblergame[J].Anim.Behav.,2001,61:5352543[17]LimaSL,DillLM.B