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ErnestHemingway1899-1961Hestartedhiscareerasawriterinanewspaperofficeattheageofseventeen.AftertheUnitedStatesenteredtheFirstWorldWar,hejoinedavolunteerambulanceunitintheItalianarmy.Servingatthefront,hewaswounded,wasdecoratedbytheItalianGovernment,andspentconsiderabletimeinhospitals.AfterhisreturntotheUnitedStates,hebecameareporterforCanadianandAmericannewspapersandwassoonsentbacktoEuropetocoversucheventsastheGreekRevolution.•InEuropeinthe1920's,Ernestlearnedfromavant-gardewriterslikeGertrudeSteinandEzraPoundtheirliterarysparenessandcompression.HemingwayinItalyDuringthetwenties,HebecameamemberofthegroupofexpatriateAmericansinParis,whichhedescribedinhisfirstnovel,TheSunAlsoRises(1926).HemingwayusedhisexperiencesasareporterduringthecivilwarinSpainasthebackgroundforhismostambitiousnovel,ForWhomtheBellTolls(1940).Amonghislaterworks,themostoutstandingistheshortnovel,TheOldManandtheSea(1952),thestoryofanoldfisherman'sjourney,hislongandlonelystrugglewithafishandthesea,andhisvictoryindefeat.Hemingway-himselfagreatsportsman-likedtoportraysoldiers,hunters,bullfighters-tough,attimesprimitivepeoplewhosecourageandhonestyaresetagainstthebrutalwaysofmodernsociety,andwhointhisconfrontationlosehopeandfaith.Hisstraightforwardprose,hissparedialogue,andhispredilectionforunderstatementareparticularlyeffectiveinhisshortstories,someofwhicharecollectedinMenWithoutWomen(1927)andTheFifthColumnandtheFirstForty-NineStories(1938).MainworksTheSunAlsoRises(1926)AFarewelltoArms(1929)ForWhomtheBellTolls(1940)TheOldManandtheSea(1952)ErnestHemingwayHome,KeyWest,Florida恩斯特‧海明威與美國作家珍妮‧福藍那在法國巴黎的合影LostGeneration•GroupofU.S.writerswhocameofageduringWorldWarIandestablishedtheirreputationsinthe1920s;morebroadly,theentirepost–WorldWarIAmericangeneration.ThetermwascoinedbyGertrudeSteininaremarktoErnestHemingway.Thewritersconsideredthemselveslostbecausetheirinheritedvaluescouldnotoperateinthepostwarworldandtheyfeltspirituallyalienatedfromacountrytheyconsideredhopelesslyprovincialandemotionallybarren.ThetermembracesHemingway,F.ScottFitzgerald,JohnDosPassos,E.E.Cummings,ArchibaldMacLeish,andHartCrane,amongothers.“Lost”Generation•WorldWarIseemedtohavedestroyedtheideathatifyouactedvirtuously,goodthingswouldhappen.Manygood,youngmenwenttowaranddied,orreturnedhomeeitherphysicallyormentallywounded(formost,both),andtheirfaithinthemoralguidepoststhathadearliergiventhemhope,werenolongervalid...theywereLost.•TheseliteraryfiguresalsocriticizedAmericancultureincreativefictionalstorieswhichhadthethemesofself-exile,indulgence(care-freeliving)andspiritualalienation.•Forexample,Fitzgerald'sThisSideofParadiseshowstheyounggenerationofthe1920'smaskingtheirgeneraldepressionbehindtheforcedexuberanceoftheJazzAge.AnotherofFitzgerald'snovels,TheGreatGatsbydoesthesamewheretheillusionofhappinesshidesasadlonelinessforthemaincharacters.WhoareinvolvedintheLostGeneration?ErnestHemingwayF.ScottFitzgeraldJohnDosPassosGertrudeSteinT.S.EliotEzraPoundTwoTypesofHemingway’sCharacters•Oneoftheforemostauthorsoftheerabetweenthetwoworldwars,Hemingwayinhisearlyworksdepictedthelivesoftwotypesofpeople.•Onetypeconsistedofmenandwomendeprived,byWorldWarI,offaithinthemoralvaluesinwhichtheyhadbelieved,andwholivedwithcynicaldisregardforanythingbuttheirownemotionalneeds.•Theothertypeweremenofsimplecharacterandprimitiveemotions,suchasprizefightersandbullfighters.Hemingway’sStyle•Hemingway'snovelspioneeredanewstyleofwritingwhichmanygenerationsaftertriedtoimitate.Hemingwaydidawaywiththefloridproseofthe19thcenturyVictorianeraandreplaceditwithalean,clearprosebasedonaction.Halsoemployedatechniquebywhichheleftoutessentialinformationofthestoryinthebeliefthatomissioncansometimesstrengthentheplotofthenovel.ThenovelsproducedbythewritersoftheLostGenerationgiveinsighttothelifestylesthatpeopleleadduringthe1920'sinAmerica,andtheliteraryworksofthesewriterswereinnovativefortheirtimeandhaveinfluencedmanyfuturegenerationsintheirstylesofwriting.WritingStyle•Journalistic,lean,simple,shortsentences;hardlyanyadjectives•Principleoficeberg(7/8underforevery1/8showing)—forcesreadersto“readbetweenthelines”;alsocalled“hard-boiled”style•Criticalacclaim-NobelPrizein1954WritingStyle•Literarytechniques•Flashback•Vividimagery•UniquesymbolismUniqueSymbolism•Light=warmth,security,order/balance•Wetness=evil,disaster,impendingdoom•LandscapesHighlands=clear,clean,peaceful,orderlyLowlands=evil,chaos,dirtTheHemingway’s“Code”•Amancanbedestroyed,butnotnecessarilydefeated.•Manmustfacealllifestruggleswithcourage,intensity,honesty,andgrace.•Therewardisdignity.•Lossofhopeandfaithequalsdefeat.TheHemingway’s“Code”cont’d•Conceptof“nada”or“nothingness”:•Theoutcomeoflifeisdeath,withnolifeafterdeath.•thestruggleistheonlythingthatmatters.•“wearealllosers,”astheoutcomeoflifeisdeath.TheHemingway’s“Code”cont’d•NotableCharacters-all“manlymen”whoact“naturally”asnatureintendedthemto•Bullfighters•Boxers•Soldiers•Hunters•FishermenHeroArchetypes•Tutor:•Manlymanwhoteachesthe“code”•Respectsopponent•simpleandconfident•expertathistrade•alwayscalm•HeroArchetypescont’d•Ty