美国文学史-海明威

AmericanModernism:TheLostGenerationErnestHemingwayTheIcebergTheorytermTheHemingwayCodeHeroTheLostGenerationtermLectureKeywordsTheLostGenerationtermTheLostGenerationrefersto,ingeneral,thepost-WWIgeneration,butspecificallyagroupofexpatriate(移居国外的)disillusionedintellectualsandartists,whoexperimentedonnewmodesofthoughtandexpressionbyrebellingagainstformeridealsandvaluesandreplacingthemonlybydespairoracynicalhedonism(享乐主义).TheLostGenerationtermRepresentatives:•FrancisScottFitzgerald菲茨杰拉德•EzraPound庞德•WilliamFaulkner福克纳•ErnestHemingway海明威•SherwoodAnderson舍伍德·安德森•JohnDosPassos约翰·多斯·帕索斯•GertrudeStein格特鲁·德斯泰因TheHemingwayCodeHeroItreferstosomeprotagonistsinHemingway'sworks.•Life:fulloftensionandbattles•Theworld:inchaos•Man:alwaysfightingdesperatelyalosingbattle.•“TheHemingwaycode“:asetofprinciplessuchashonor,courage,endurance,wisdom,disciplineanddignity.Motto•DP:“Exactlywhatdoyoumeanby‘guts’?”•EH:“Imean,graceunderpressure.”--ErnestHemingway(aninterviewwithDorothyParker,NewYorker,30November,1929)Traits•Hedoesnottalkaboutwhathebelievesin.Heexpresseshimselfnotinwords,butinactions.•Nomatterhowtragictheendingis,theywillneverbedefeated.•Finally,theywillprevailbecauseoftheirindestructiblespiritandcourage.TheIcebergTheoryterm“Ifawriterofproseknowsenoughaboutwhatheiswritingabout,hemayomitthingsthatheknowsandthereader,ifthewriteriswritingtrulyenough,willhaveafeelingofthosethingsasstronglyasthoughthewriterhadstatedthem.TheLostGenerationtermThedignityofmovementofanicebergisduetoonlyone-eighthofitbeingabovewater.Awriterwhoomitsthingsbecausehedoesnotknowthemonlymakeshollowplacesinhiswriting.”TheIcebergTheoryterm“Findwhatgaveyoutheemotion;whattheactionwasthatgaveyoutheexcitement.Thenwriteitdownmakingitclearsothereaderwillseeittooandhavethesamefeelingasyouhad.”TheIcebergTheorytermDefinition:1.ItisawritingtechniqueemployedbyHemingway.Heleftoutessentialinformationofthestoryinthebeliefthatomissioncansometimesstrengthentheplotofthenovel.2.AccordingtoHemingway,goodliterarywritingshouldbeabletomakereadersfeeltheemotionofthecharactersdirectly.TheIcebergTheoryterm3.Hemingwaycreatedalean,clearprosebasedonactionwithoutanyauthorialcomments,conventionallyemotivelanguage,andwithabareminimumofadjectivesandadverbs.4.Seeminglysimpleandnatural,Hemingway'sstyleisactuallypolishedandtightlycontrolled,buthighlysuggestiveandconnotative.WritingStyles*Understatementandomission*Repetition*Focusonfacts*Fewadjectivesoradverbs*Simple,short,conventionalwordsandsentences*Concise,vivid*SymbolismImportantWorksTheSunAlsoRises(1926)《太阳照常升起》AFarewelltoArms(1929)《永别了，武器/战地春梦》ForWhomtheBellTolls(1940)《丧钟为谁而鸣/战地钟声》TheOldManandtheSea(1952)《老人与海》AFAREWELLTOARMSErnestHemingwayAFarewelltoArms•Author•Plots•Characters•ChapterXLI•Style•SymbolsWeknowhewasawriterOnboxingring,hewastheperseveringathleteInthewoods,hewasacoolhunterAtthesea,hewasabullheadedfishmanOnthebattlefield,heisabravefighterInthefamily,hewasalsoahusbandandfatherPlotsummary•Thewoundandthecourtship•Theloveandthepregnancy•TheCaptureandtheescape•ThelaborandtheendCharacters•FredericHenry•CatherineBarkleyFredericHenry•amanofactionwhocoollyexhibitsgraceunderpressurewhileconfrontingdeath.•TheHemingwayheroalsoeschewsgloryforamorepersonalcodeofhonor.CatherineBarkley•CatherineBarkleyisannurse.Shevolunteeredinthewar.•SheisEnglish,professionalanddeeplyfeeling.•Sheiswiseandcynicalinmanyways.•Catherine'schiefheroismistoignorethedangersofunprotectedsexandtoacceptthepainanddeathofchildbirthstoically.Mainideaofthelastchapter:•FredericHenrytakesCatherineBarkleytothehospital,wheresheexperiencesaprotractedandagonizingchildbirth.Firstthebabydies,havingchokedonitsumbilicalcord.Then,asaresultofmultiplehemorrhages,Catherinediesaswell.CloseReadingconversation-stylestate-styleinnermonologuelinearartSymbols•ItwasdarkbutinthelightfromthewindowIcouldseeitwasraining.•Icouldseenothingbutthedarkandtherainfallingacrossthelightfromthewindow.•Iwentdownthehallandthendownthestairsandoutthedoorofthehospitalanddownthedarkstreetintheraintothecafé.Symbols•Iwalkedthroughtherainuptothehospital.•ButafterIhadgotthemoutandshutthedoorandturnedoffthelightitwasn'tanygood.Itwaslikesayinggood-bytoastatue.AfterawhileIwentoutandleftthehospitalandwalkedbacktothehotelintherain.Itisrainingoutsidealmosteverytimesomethingbadoccurs,suchasthearmy’sretreatorCatherine’sdeath,andservestomarktheseeventsasrandomoccurrencesjustlikerainitself.Rainalsoservesasalife-affirmingsymbol,onewhichbaptizesHenrywhenhedecidestodeserttheItalianarmy.Inthisdualpurpose,Hemingwayplacesallcontrol,bothcurseandblessing,intothehandsoftheworldandnotofman.TheRain: