1、国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的交易,它涉及到许多因素,因而此国内贸易要复杂得多。Internationalbusinessreferstotransactionbetweenpartiesfromdifferentcountries.Itinvolvesmorefactorsandthusismorecomplicatedthan,domesticbusiness.2、有形贸易是指将在一国生产或制造的商品,出口或进口到另一国消费或转售。Visibletradereferstoexportingandimportinggoodsproducedormanufacturedinonecountryforconsumptionorresaleinan-other.3、外国直接投资,简称FDI。投资者通过控制其投资在他国的企业和资产获得回报。ForeigndirectinvestmentsofFDIforshortismadeforreturnsthroughcontrollingtheenterprisesorassetsinvestedinahostcountry.4、国民生产总值指一个经济体凭借其居民拥有的资产和劳动力所生产的货物和服务的市场价值。GNPreferstothemarketvalueofgoodsandservicesproducedbythepropertyandlaborownedbytheresidentsofaneconomy.5、日本和中国是重要贸易伙伴,两国经济互补,又是一衣带水的近邻。中日贸易关系对两国都有重要的意义。Withmutuallycomplementaryeconomy,JapanandChinaaremajortradepartners,andthetwocountriesarecloseneighboursseparatedonlybyastripofwater.Sino-Japaneserelationsarethereforeofgreatimportancetobothcountries.6、加拿大和美国有很长的共同边境,而且大部分加拿大居民居住在边境地区。加美两佃以其富有的市场,拥有世界最大的双边贸易。SharingaverylongcommonborderalongwhichmostoftheCanadianpeoplelive,CanadeandtheUnitedStates,withtheirrespectiverichmarket,enjoythelargestsinglebilateraltradeintheworld.7、欧盟委员会是它的执行机构,有20个委员会,管理23个负责不同事务的部门。ItsexecutivebodyistheEuropeanCommissioncomposedof20commissionersoverseeing23deaprtmentsinchargeofdifferentaffairs.8、尽管内部存在矛盾,外部有来自非欧佩克产油国的竞争,但欧佩克这个占世界产油量40%的组织对油价的影响是世界各国无法忽视的。Despiteinternalcontradictionsandcornpetitionfromnon-OPECoilproducingcountries,theinfluenceonoilpricesbyOPECthataccountsfor40%oftheglobaloilproductionissomethingtheworldcannotaffordtoneglect.9、过去十年中,亚太经济合作组织越来越受到人们的关注。由于中国在其中发挥了积极的作用,中国人尤其关注这个组织。Asia-PacificEconomicCo-operation(APEC)hascaughtmoreandmoreattentionforthepastdecade,especiallyinChinasincethecountryisplayinganactiveroleit.10、广阔的地域分布是跨国企业的一个特点,这使得它在资源和定价的决策上有很大的选择范围,也使它能更方便地利用世界经济的变化。WidegeographicalspreadischaracteristicofMNEs.Itenablesthemtohaveawiderangeofoptionsintermsofdecision-makingsonsourcingandpricing.Theyarealsomoreabletotakeadvantageofchangesintheinternationaleconomicenvironment.11、技术、资本和现成的市场是跨国企业组织带给欠发达国家的利益。跨国企业被认为是促进世界和各国经济发展的最有效的工具。Technology,capitalandreadymarketsaresortofbenefitsMNEsbringtoless-developedcountries.Theyareconsideredtobethemosteffectivevehicleforthepromotingofglobalandnationaleconomicwelfare.12、按照比较学说的观点,一国只要出口相对有优势的产品,而不是有绝对优势的产品,就可以从中受益。Accordingtothecomparativeadvantage,acountrycanbenefitfromtradeifonlyithasacomparativeadvantage,notabsoluteadvantage,inproducingcertainproduct.13、贸易的比较优势是基于比较优势理论,即各国生产相比较而言效率更高的那种特殊产品。更理想的是,各国集中专门生产它的特殊产品,然后再进行相互间的贸易。Theadvantageoftradearebasedonthetheoryofcomparativeadvantage,whereeachcountryproducesaparticularproductmoreefficientlythananother.Ideally,eachcountryfocusesre-sourcesonproducingitsspecialty,andthentradeswithonean-other.14、总的来说,国际专门化理论寻求回答的是哪些国家将生产什么产品,以及采用什么样的贸易结构。Tosummarize,thetheoryofinternationalspecializationseekstoanswerthequestionwhichcountrieswillproducewhatgoods,withwhattradepatternsamongthem.15、最惠国待遇并不是什么特殊待遇,而只是正常的贸易地位。受惠国只是享有被征收关税表中最低关税的待遇。Themost-favorednationtreatmentisnotreallyaspecialtreatmentbutanormaltradingstatus.Thefavoredcountryisgiventhelowesttariffsonlywithinthetariffschedule.16、无形贸易也被称作服务贸易。在一些发达国家,无形贸易已经占据这些国家的国内生产总值的相当份额。Invisibletradeisalsocalledservicetrade.Insomedevelopedcountries,theinvisibletradehastakenquitealargeshareintheirgrossdomesticproduction.17、《买卖双方在制定合同时,如果有理解一致的具体规则可供参照,他们就肯定简单、可靠地确定各自的责任》。If,whendrawinguptheircontract,buyerandsellerhavesomecommonlyunderstoodrulestospecificallyreferto,theycanbesureofdefiningtheirrespectiveresponsibilitiessimplyandsafely.18、当卖方不得不提示可转让的运输单据,尤其是出售货物所常用的提单时,就会产生特殊麻烦。Particularproblemsarisewhenthesellerhastopresentanegotiabletransportdocumentandnotablythebillofladingwhichisfrequentlyusedforthepurposeofsellingthegoodswhiletheyarebeingcarried.19、2000年对国际贸易术语解释通则的修改考虑了无关税区的发展,商务活动中电子通讯使用的增加,以及运输方式的变化。The2000revisionofIncotermstookaccountofthespreadofcustoms-freezones,theincreaseduseofelectroniccommunication,andthechangeintransportpractices.20、书面谈判往往以买方询盘开始,发生询盘是为了了解预购货物的有关信息,包括各种贸易条件。Writtennegotiationsoftenbeginwithenquiresmadebythebuyerstogetinformationaboutthegoodstobeorderedincludingallthetermsoftrade.21、虽然多数合同并不引起纠纷,但合同是依法实施的,任何一方当事人若未能履行合同义务,可能会受到起诉并被强制作出赔偿。Itisenforceablebylaw,andanypartythatfailstofulfillhiscontractualobligationsmaybesuedandforcedtomakecompetition,thoughmostcontractsdonotgiverisetodisputes.22、虽然易货贸易是原始、低效,并且昂贵的贸易方式,但是发展中国家巨大的债务以及世界上大量的商品过剩使其不可避免。Bartertradeisaprimitive,inefficientexpensivewayofdoingbusiness,butthemassivedebtsofdevelopingcountriesandtheworld’soversupplyofgoodsmakeitinescapable.23、对销贸易可帮助有严重债务的国家继续进口商品而实际上向债权人掩盖出口收入。Countertrademayhelpthosenations,withseriousdebtproblemstocontinuetoimportgoodswhile,ineffect,concealingexportearningsfromcreditors.24、在国际贸易中,由于交易当事人很难充分了解彼此的财务信息和信誉状况,很难建立相互信任。Ininternationaltrade,itisverydifficultforthepartiestogetadequateinformationabouteachother’sfinancialstandingandcreditworthiness,andmutualtrustishardtobuild.25、如果进口国的政局稳定,而且又有出口商信任的代理人,出口商就可以采用寄售方式,待货卖出后再收回货款。Iftheimportingcountryhasastablepoliticalsituationandatrustedagentther