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200166:100026788(2001)0620013207:,(,421001):,,:;;;(HRA);;;;;L:;2;L:;2;:X913,C93:AaHumanFactorsAnalysis:Need,ProblemsandTrendsZHANGLi,WANGYi2qun(NanhuaUniversity,Hengyang421001,China)AbstractInthispaper,adefinitionofhumanfactorsanalysis(HFA)isgiven,theimportanceofHFAtoman2machinesystemdesignandthesystemreliabilityisdescribed.AseriesofproblemsinHFAarepointedout:thedifficultyofHFA,cognitiontohumanfactors-individual,group,organization,therelationshipbetweenenvironmentandhumanbehavior,methodsofhumanreliabilityanalysis(HRA),mechanismofhumanerror,objectivityandconsistency,usabilityofdata,culturefactors,andHFAonorganizationandmanagement.Atlast,currenttrendsinHFAarediscussedfromthetheoryandapplication.Keywordshumanfactorsanalysis(HFA);man2machinesystem;humanreliability1-,.,:,?,,,,Bhopal[1].,,.,(),,-,,,,;,,,,,,,.,()[2-4].,a:1999210218:(79870004);(Z012000A003);(99JJY20066);(00B014)©1995-2005TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved...,..,(HRA),(HEA)-..2,[5],,.,,,,.2.11),,,.2),,,[6],,,..3),,,.4),.5),,..6),,,.2.2,,...,,.,,22,,,,()2,.2,,.,222,,,,[7].,,.,,.;[8].,,,..2.3.:,.,,,.:4120016©1995-2005TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved.,,,,.,,.,[9-11].2.4(HRA),HRA,THERP()HRAHRA[12,13].[14].HRA,HRA,[5,10,12].2.4.1HRAHRA,:;;ö.,HRA:1)();2)();3)(,);4)();5)();6)(,ö).,HRAHRA(),HRA.2.4.2HRAHRA,HRALHRA:;;;;.HRA:;PRA;().HRA:;.B.KirwanHRA,HRA[15].2.4.3S2O2RHRAS2O2R(22).R,S,,.,,.HRA,,.,(EARTH)SOR,O,,,[16].2.4.4,,.HRA.516:©1995-2005TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved.2.4.5HRA,.,,,HRA.2.4.6HRA,.,,.,.,,:.HCR,THERP,HCRTHERP.THERP,;HCR,,THERP.HCR+THERP..()THERPHCR.,,HRA.,..2.5,,.2.6PSFs().PSFs,,.2.7,.,Swain1983[17].,NUCLARR[18],CORE-DATA[19],IHFHFC,(EDF)M310.,..,,,,.,,(),.,,,..,.,,.,THERP,PSFs?,THERPPSFs.2.82,,,,.,(IAEA)[20].2.9,;,6120016©1995-2005TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved..,J.Reason[21],1995[22].,:1)().2),,PSFs.3),..,2,,,..[2324][25][26].3.,,.,.,,.3.1.1)().Reason1990HumanError[21],.,,,.(),.,:.,(),,.2).,.(PRA),.-.3)...,[27].(),[28][29].[27].3.222,.222.,,,(DLöT575),(GB1251).,,2..,716:©1995-2005TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved.[30].3.3,,.1)..2,(PRA).PRA,PRA,PRA.HRA.,HRA.,HRAPRA,PRA.2)..,2,,..42.,,L.,,.:[1].[J].,1998,12(3):59-63.[2]WernerWF,etal.Resultsandinsightsfromlevel-1PSAsforNPPsinFrance,Germany,Japan,Sweden,SwitzerlandandtheUnitedStates[J].ReliabilityEngineeringandSystemSafety,1995,48:165-179.[3],,.2[J].,1996,6(6):35-39.[4],.[J].,1998,19(1):64-68.[5]CacciabuePC.Amethodologyofhumanfactorsanalysisforsystemengineering:theoryandapplications[J].IEEETransactionsonSystem,ManandCybernetics-PartA:SystemandHuman,1997,27(3):325-339.[6].[J].,1992,(77):4-6.[7],.[J].,1993,7(2):49-54.[8].[J].,1999,5(1):44-47.[9]HollnagelE.Requirementsfordynamicmodelingofman2machineinteraction[J].NuclearEngineeringandDesign,1993,144:375-384.[10]HollnagelE.Reliabilityanalysisandoperatormodeling[J].ReliabilityEngineeringandSystemSafety,1996,52:327-337.[11],.[J].öö,1997,4(10):395-402.[12]HollnagelE.CREAM[M].NewYork:ElsevierScienceLtd,1998.[13],,,.[J].,2001,11(3):5-11.[14],.[J].,1997,3(2):12-15.8120016©1995-2005TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved.[15]KirwanB,KennedyR,Taylor2AdamsS,etal.Thevalidationofthreehumanreliabilityquantificationtechniques:partI-partË[J].AppliedErgonomics,1997,28(1):17-39.[16]Mosneron2DupinF,ReerB,HeslingaG,etal.Human-centeredmodelinginhumanreliabilityanalysis:sometrendsbasedoncasestudies[J].ReliabilityEngineeringandSystemSafety,1997,58:249-274.[17]SwainAD,GuttmannHE.HandbookofHumanReliabilityAnalysiswithEmphasisonNuclearPowerPlantApplication[M].NUREGöCR-1278,1983.[18]GertmanDI,GilmorWE,GalteanWJ,etal.NuclearComputerizedLibraryforAssessingReactorReliability[M].NUREGöCR-4639,1988.[19]Taylor2AdamsS,KirwanB.Humanreliabilityrequirements[J].InternationalJournalofQualityandReliabilityManagement,1995,12(1):24-26.[20]InternationalNuclearSafetyAdvisoryGroup.SafetyCulture.IAEASafetySeries75-INSAG-4,1991.[21]ReasonJ.HumanError.UK,Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1990.[22]ReasonJ.ASystemapproachtoorganizationalerror[J].Ergonomics,1995,38(8):1708-1721.[23],.[J].,1996,2(1):5-8.[24],.[J].,1996,2(2):7-11.[25].[J].,1997,3(3):16-21.[26].[J].,1998,4(4):31-35.[27],,,.[J].,2000,21(2):167-172.[28],,.2[J].,1996,6(6):35-39.[29],,.2[J].,1996,2(4):26-29.[30]BurnsCM,etal.Towardsviable,usefulandusablehumanfactorsdesignguidance[J].AppliedErgonomics,1997,28(5):311-322.(12)5,,,L,,LL:[1]MusierRFH,etal.Batchprocessmanagement[J].ChemicalEngineeringProgress.1990:86(6):66-77.[2]KuHM,KarimiIA.Schedulingalgorithmsforserialmulti2productbatchprocesseswithtardinesspenalties[J].CompChemEng,1991,15(5):283-286.[3]GraellsM,EspunaA,PuigjanerI.Completiontimesinmulti2purposebatchplantswithset2up,transferandclean2uptimes[J].CompChemEng,1996,20(S):1143-1148.[4]StenfanisSK,LivingstonAG,PistilopoulosEN.Environmentalimpactconsiderationsintheoptimaldesignandschedulingofbatchprocesses[J].CompChemEng,1997,21(10):1073-1094.[5],,.[M].:,1998.916:©1995-2005TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsres