中国低碳生态城市的有效规划MarkHewlett--Atkins

EffectivePlanningforLowCarbonEco-CitiesinChina中国低碳生态城市的有效规划PlanDesignEnable规划设计实施2012ConferenceonUrbanDevelopmentandPlanning2012城市发展与规划大会Guilin,12June2012桂林，2012年6月12日MarkHewlett休伊特欧洲最大设计及工程顾问Europe’slargestdesignandengineeringconsultancy.全球两万高端技术人员Worldwide20,000highlyskilledstaff.伦敦交易所上市ListedontheLondonstockexchange.中国分支机构在香港、上海、北京、深圳、重庆和成都ChinaOfficeslocatedatHongKong,Shanghai,Beijing,Shenzhen,Chongqing,andChengdu.可持续发展和低碳™设计的先锋Pioneerinsustainablecarboncritical™design.得奖设计建筑作品Portfolioofawardwinningbuildings.包括多幢世界知名建筑作品Includingmanyoftheworldsmostprestigiousbuildings.阿特金斯ATKINS阿特金斯简介OverviewofAtkins阿特金斯简介OverviewofAtkinsUrbanCarbonEmissions世界城市碳排放Source:EconomistIntelligenceUnit,2011;InternationalInstituteforEnvironmentandDevelopment,201129.821.520.617.71610.510.410.19.79.69.27.47.25.75.45.25.14.8905101520253035吨CO2e/人/年TonnesCO2e/capita/yearDefiningLowCarbonEco-cities中国低碳生态城市的定义•Reducinggreenhousegases(carbon)减少温室气体排放量（碳）•Makingmoreefficientuseofresources高效利用资源•Protectingbiodiversityandnaturalenvironment保护生物多样性和自然环境•Improvingqualityoflife改善生活质量•Supportinglocaleconomy支持当地经济发展LowCarbonEco-cityGoals低碳生态城目标DefiningLowCarbonEco-cities中国低碳生态城市的定义•Positioning/marketing城市定位/市场•Affordability支付力•Investmentreturns投资收益•Moreefficient,bettermanaged,morecompetitive更高的效率，更好的管理，更强的竞争力LowCarbonEco-cityGoals2低碳生态城目标2阿特金斯低碳规划AtkinsLowCarbonPlanningLowCarbonEco-cityPlanning低碳生态城规划WhataretheBenefits?低碳给城市建设带来的效益是什么？LowCarbonEco-cityPlanningPrinciples低碳生态城规划原则Landuseandspatialstructure土地利用和空间结构•Clustering聚集•Mixeduse混合利用•Co-location共址•Density密度•TransitOrientedDevelopment•以公共交通为导向的开发•Greenareas绿化区Urbanenvironment城市环境•Efficientwateruse高效的水体利用•Flooding洪涝•Reducewaste废物减少•Pollution污染•Biodiversity生物多样性•Greeninfrastructure绿色基础设施Urbandesign城市设计•Form形态•Orientation方位•Layout布局•Massing体块Isn’tlowcarboneco-citydevelopmentreallymostlyaboutgreenbuildings?低碳生态城开发并不主要是指绿色建筑吗？DefiningLowCarbonEco-cities中国低碳生态城市的定义Residential住宅Retail零售Office办公Energyconsumptionperm2GFA单位建筑面积能耗Electricalandthermalconsumptionmixstronglyaffectscarbonimpacts电能和热能的混合消耗对碳排放的影响显著Buildings建筑物Buildings建筑物30-50%Typicalofficebuilding典型办公楼Thermal热Electrical电Districtscale区域规模Site-wideInfrastructure规划范围内的基础设施Renewables可再生能源应用Largescale大规模Localsmartgrid当地智能电网Districtheating,coolingsystems区域供热制冷系统Wastewater废水Solidwaste固体废弃物Tri-gen热电冷三联供Energystorage能量储存Smallscale小规模DemandReduction减少需求Passivedesign,MEP,behaviour被动式设计，机械电力暖通系统改进10-15%DistrictScaleEnergySystems区域规模能源系统设计CarbonEfficientGeneration有效低碳产能传统能源的输入方式159Traditionalenergyinput159有效能源利用输入100Newenergyinput10034电能Electricity1005910053热能Thermal锅炉Boiler火力发电Thermalpower热电联产CHP损失Loss13节能一次能源37%Savesprimaryenergy37%666损失LossLargefuelinputsavings节省大量的燃料输入Reduceselectricalinfrastructurecost减少电力基础设施运行成本Improvessupplyreliability增加能源供应的可靠性Moreefficientuseofdifferentgradesofenergy不同等级能源的高效利用Enhancesflexibilityforrenewablesintegration提高可接入可再生能源系统的灵活性LowCarbonEnergyIntegration低碳城市能源市政系统设计Integratinghighandlowgradeenergysources–lowercarbon,moreefficient整合高低品位能源进行综合利用-更低碳，更高效LowCarbonUrbanWaterInfrastructure城市水设施低碳规划LowCarbonSolidWasteManagement固体废物低碳管理LowCarbonTransport低碳交通规划LowCarbonTransport低碳交通规划Infrastructure=networks基础设施=网络DefiningLowCarbonEco-cities中国低碳生态城市的定义Networks=moreintegration;greaterflexibility,adaptability;future-proofing网络=更紧密，更灵活，适应性更强，适应未来发展Infrastructure:WhoPays,WhoGains?基础设施投资模式：谁支付，谁收益？Occupationalsavings运行过程中节能量Capitalcosts基建费Occupationalrevenues运行的节能量收益Developers开发商Utilities/government公用事业/政府机构Tenants/users租户/用户Utilities/government公用事业/政府Keyissues关键问题如何解决？•Difficultfordeveloperstorealisedirectreturns开发商很难得到直接回报•Longer-termtimeframesforreturns远期收益将需要更长时间Keyadvantagesofprivatesectorparticipation私企参与的主要好处Sharingbenefits,costsandrisks分享收益，成本和风险Moreefficientinfrastructureservicedelivery更有效的基础设施服务Privatesectorresponsibility,financingandrisk私企的责任，融资和风险ServiceContract劳务合同ManagementContract管理合同Lease租约DBO/BOT设计-建设-运营Concession特许PrivateSectorParticipationinInfrastructureDelivery私营企业参与基础设施投资运营交付模式Contractdurationandcomplexity合同期和复杂度EnergyPerformanceContracts能源利用绩效管理合同Energysavings(relativetoindustrybenchmarkorexistingusage)basisforcontractduetomoreefficientinfrastructure高效的基础设施所带来的能源节约（相对于工业基准或现阶段的使用水平）Serviceproviderfinancescapitalofmoreefficientinfrastructure城市基础设施服务提供商投资更高效的市政基础设施Partofthecostsavingtothedeveloperisusedtorepayfinancing开发商投资后节约的运营部分成本用于偿还额外的融资Developerhasinfrastructurefundedandpayslessforutilitiesoverasetcontractperiod开发商投资开发城市的基础设施，并且在合同期内项目投入运营期间享受到相对于传统的城市开发模式较便宜的市政设施服务LowCarbonInfrastructureCostandRevenueSharingBetweenDevelopersandServiceProviders开发商和服务提供商之间的低碳基础设施成本和收入分配模式UKuptakeofsmallscalesolarPVsinceFITintroduction(April2010)引入上网电价后，英国小规模太阳能光伏量（2010年4月）UKaveragesolarresourcesignificantlyworsethanBeijing英国平均太阳能资源明显差于北京的太阳能资源April201026MWMarch20121.3GWGovernmenthassettargetof22GWby2020政府设定2020年的目标为22GWLowCarbonInfrastructureCostsandRevenues低碳基础设施成本和收益Newnationalfeed-intariff,NDRC,August2011:1RMB/kWh.国家发改委，2011年8月出台的可再生能源光伏项目上网电价，:1元/度电。GoldenSunDemonstrationProjects,MinistryofFinance,June2011:9R